Abstract
Reasonable development and utilization of brackish-water resources can alleviate the pressure of freshwater scarcity in dryland areas and safeguard crop growth, but there are significant differences in brackish-water ions in different regions. Thus, exploring the mechanism of brackish-water irrigation considering brackish-water ionic differences on the growth and development of saline and alkaline dryland crops has an important production guidance value. In this study, the ionic differences in irrigated brackish water were characterized by sodium adsorption ratio using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object, and three levels of mineralized irrigation water were designed, which were 3 g·L−1 (T3), 5 g·L−1 (T5), and 7 g·L−1 (T7), respectively. Three different levels of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were set under each level of mineralization, which were 10 (mmol·L−1)1/2 (S10), 15 (mmol·L−1)1/2 (S15), and 20 (mmol·L−1)1/2 (S20). The local freshwater irrigation was used as a control treatment. The results showed that brackish-water irrigation increased soil salt accumulation and soil water content, induced oxidative damage and disruption of ionic homeostasis in the cells, and decreased leaf photosynthetic rate. Brackish-water irrigation also significantly reduced dry matter mass by 11.04–50.12%. Reduced irrigation water SAR (S10 and S15) enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 14.29% and 9.09%, respectively, compared with high irrigation water SAR (S20). Leaf K+ uptake was increased by 5.29% and 1.57% in S10 and S15, respectively, compared with S20, while Na+ uptake was significantly suppressed. The K+/Na+ ratio increased by 45.07%, which resulted in improved leaf photosynthetic efficiency by 25.25% and 11.91%, and significantly enhanced dry matter accumulation by 24.81% and 11.20%, respectively. In addition, compared with T3S20, the T5S10 treatment reduced the irrigation water SAR. It contributed to a significant increase in SOD, POD, and CAT activities by 30.42%, 60.70%, and 99.20%, respectively, and in plant K+ content and K+/Na+ by 2.48% and 38.85%, respectively, although the irrigation water mineralization increased by 66.67%. Reducing SAR could enhance photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation through the dual regulation of “antioxidant damage + ion homeostasis” in salt-stressed cotton, laying a foundation for the realization of stable and high yields of cotton under brackish-water irrigation, and providing a new perspective for the management of brackish-water resources and the sustainable development of agriculture in Xinjiang and other arid regions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Brackish-water irrigation increased soil salt accumulation and soil water content compared with freshwater irrigation.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- brackish-water irrigatione2
- Outcome
- soil salt accumulation and soil water contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- local freshwater irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e1“The local freshwater irrigation was used as a control treatment”
e2“The results showed that brackish-water irrigation increased soil salt accumulation and soil water content, induced oxidative damage and disruption of ionic homeostasis in the cells, and decreased leaf photosynthetic rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Brackish-water irrigation induced oxidative damage and disrupted ionic homeostasis in cotton cells compared with freshwater irrigation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- brackish-water irrigatione2
- Outcome
- oxidative damage and disruption of ionic homeostasise2
- Direction
- inducede2
- Comparator
- local freshwater irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e1“The local freshwater irrigation was used as a control treatment”
e2“The results showed that brackish-water irrigation increased soil salt accumulation and soil water content, induced oxidative damage and disruption of ionic homeostasis in the cells, and decreased leaf photosynthetic rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Brackish-water irrigation decreased leaf photosynthetic rate in cotton compared with freshwater irrigation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- brackish-water irrigatione2
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthetic ratee2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- local freshwater irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e1“The local freshwater irrigation was used as a control treatment”
e2“The results showed that brackish-water irrigation increased soil salt accumulation and soil water content, induced oxidative damage and disruption of ionic homeostasis in the cells, and decreased leaf photosynthetic rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Brackish-water irrigation significantly reduced cotton dry matter mass by 11.04–50.12%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Brackish-water irrigatione3
- Outcome
- dry matter masse3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 11.04–50.12%e3
- Comparator
- local freshwater irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e1“The local freshwater irrigation was used as a control treatment”
e3“Brackish-water irrigation also significantly reduced dry matter mass by 11.04–50.12%”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced irrigation water SAR (S10 and S15) enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities compared with high SAR (S20).
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Reduced irrigation water SAR (S10 and S15)e4
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Comparator
- high irrigation water SAR (S20)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e4“Reduced irrigation water SAR (S10 and S15) enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)”
e5“reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 14.29% and 9.09%, respectively, compared with high irrigation water SAR (S20)”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation water SAR of 10 reduced cotton leaf malondialdehyde content by 14.29% compared with SAR 20.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- S10e4
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 14.29%e5
- Comparator
- high irrigation water SAR (S20)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e4“Reduced irrigation water SAR (S10 and S15) enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)”
e5“reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 14.29% and 9.09%, respectively, compared with high irrigation water SAR (S20)”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation water SAR of 15 reduced cotton leaf malondialdehyde content by 9.09% compared with SAR 20.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- S15e4
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 9.09%e5
- Comparator
- high irrigation water SAR (S20)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e4“Reduced irrigation water SAR (S10 and S15) enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)”
e5“reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 14.29% and 9.09%, respectively, compared with high irrigation water SAR (S20)”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf K+ uptake increased by 5.29% in SAR 10 compared with SAR 20.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- S10e6
- Outcome
- Leaf K+ uptakee6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 5.29%e6
- Comparator
- S20e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e6“Leaf K+ uptake was increased by 5.29% and 1.57% in S10 and S15, respectively, compared with S20, while Na+ uptake was significantly suppressed”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf K+ uptake increased by 1.57% in SAR 15 compared with SAR 20.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- S15e6
- Outcome
- Leaf K+ uptakee6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 1.57%e6
- Comparator
- S20e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e6“Leaf K+ uptake was increased by 5.29% and 1.57% in S10 and S15, respectively, compared with S20, while Na+ uptake was significantly suppressed”
Claim · model-written summary
Na+ uptake was significantly suppressed in SAR 10 and SAR 15 compared with SAR 20.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- S10 and S15e6
- Outcome
- Na+ uptakee6
- Direction
- suppressede6
- Comparator
- S20e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e6“Leaf K+ uptake was increased by 5.29% and 1.57% in S10 and S15, respectively, compared with S20, while Na+ uptake was significantly suppressed”
Claim · model-written summary
The K+/Na+ ratio increased by 45.07% in cotton under brackish-water irrigation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- K+/Na+ ratioe7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 45.07%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e7“The K+/Na+ ratio increased by 45.07%, which resulted in improved leaf photosynthetic efficiency by 25.25% and 11.91%, and significantly enhanced dry matter accumulation by 24.81% and 11.20%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf photosynthetic efficiency improved by 25.25% in SAR 10.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- S10e6
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthetic efficiencye7
- Direction
- improvede7
- Value
- 25.25%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e6“Leaf K+ uptake was increased by 5.29% and 1.57% in S10 and S15, respectively, compared with S20, while Na+ uptake was significantly suppressed”
e7“The K+/Na+ ratio increased by 45.07%, which resulted in improved leaf photosynthetic efficiency by 25.25% and 11.91%, and significantly enhanced dry matter accumulation by 24.81% and 11.20%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf photosynthetic efficiency improved by 11.91% in SAR 15.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- S15e6
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthetic efficiencye7
- Direction
- improvede7
- Value
- 11.91%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e6“Leaf K+ uptake was increased by 5.29% and 1.57% in S10 and S15, respectively, compared with S20, while Na+ uptake was significantly suppressed”
e7“The K+/Na+ ratio increased by 45.07%, which resulted in improved leaf photosynthetic efficiency by 25.25% and 11.91%, and significantly enhanced dry matter accumulation by 24.81% and 11.20%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry matter accumulation was significantly enhanced by 24.81% in SAR 10.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- S10e6
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione7
- Direction
- enhancede7
- Value
- 24.81%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e6“Leaf K+ uptake was increased by 5.29% and 1.57% in S10 and S15, respectively, compared with S20, while Na+ uptake was significantly suppressed”
e7“The K+/Na+ ratio increased by 45.07%, which resulted in improved leaf photosynthetic efficiency by 25.25% and 11.91%, and significantly enhanced dry matter accumulation by 24.81% and 11.20%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry matter accumulation was significantly enhanced by 11.20% in SAR 15.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- S15e6
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione7
- Direction
- enhancede7
- Value
- 11.20%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e6“Leaf K+ uptake was increased by 5.29% and 1.57% in S10 and S15, respectively, compared with S20, while Na+ uptake was significantly suppressed”
e7“The K+/Na+ ratio increased by 45.07%, which resulted in improved leaf photosynthetic efficiency by 25.25% and 11.91%, and significantly enhanced dry matter accumulation by 24.81% and 11.20%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The T5S10 treatment increased cotton SOD activity by 30.42% compared with T3S20.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- T5S10e1
- Outcome
- SODe1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 30.42%e1
- Comparator
- T3S20e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e1“compared with T3S20, the T5S10 treatment reduced the irrigation water SAR. It contributed to a significant increase in SOD, POD, and CAT activities by 30.42%, 60.70%, and 99.20%, respectively, and in plant K+ content and K+/Na+ by 2.48% and 38.85%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The T5S10 treatment increased cotton POD activity by 60.70% compared with T3S20.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- T5S10e1
- Outcome
- PODe1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 60.70%e1
- Comparator
- T3S20e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e1“compared with T3S20, the T5S10 treatment reduced the irrigation water SAR. It contributed to a significant increase in SOD, POD, and CAT activities by 30.42%, 60.70%, and 99.20%, respectively, and in plant K+ content and K+/Na+ by 2.48% and 38.85%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The T5S10 treatment increased cotton CAT activity by 99.20% compared with T3S20.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- T5S10e1
- Outcome
- CATe1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 99.20%e1
- Comparator
- T3S20e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e1“compared with T3S20, the T5S10 treatment reduced the irrigation water SAR. It contributed to a significant increase in SOD, POD, and CAT activities by 30.42%, 60.70%, and 99.20%, respectively, and in plant K+ content and K+/Na+ by 2.48% and 38.85%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The T5S10 treatment increased plant K+ content by 2.48% compared with T3S20.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- T5S10e1
- Outcome
- plant K+ contente1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 2.48%e1
- Comparator
- T3S20e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e1“compared with T3S20, the T5S10 treatment reduced the irrigation water SAR. It contributed to a significant increase in SOD, POD, and CAT activities by 30.42%, 60.70%, and 99.20%, respectively, and in plant K+ content and K+/Na+ by 2.48% and 38.85%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The T5S10 treatment increased cotton K+/Na+ ratio by 38.85% compared with T3S20.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- T5S10e1
- Outcome
- K+/Na+e1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 38.85%e1
- Comparator
- T3S20e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using under-membrane drip-irrigated cotton as the research object”
e1“compared with T3S20, the T5S10 treatment reduced the irrigation water SAR. It contributed to a significant increase in SOD, POD, and CAT activities by 30.42%, 60.70%, and 99.20%, respectively, and in plant K+ content and K+/Na+ by 2.48% and 38.85%, respectively”
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