Abstract
Crops leave a soil legacy with altruistic effects for subsequent crops but not for themselves. While research has focused on improvements in soil physicochemical properties and the suppression of non-host pathogens, the altruistic microbiome and its assembly mechanism driven by root exudates remain largely unknown. Here, we identified altruistic but self-detrimental phenomena when garlic was rotated with other crops based on meta-analysis and in vivo experiments. Studies utilizing a globally adopted garlic-pepper rotation system demonstrated density-dependent enrichment of key microbial taxa, especially the Penicillium genus, which supports the healthy growth of non-Allium plants but exhibits pathogenicity toward garlic. Furthermore, we found that garlic roots stably secrete diallyl disulfide (DADS) into soil, imposing reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress in the rhizosphere and reshaping the microbial community, particularly suppressing ROS-sensitive pathogens while enriching ROS-tolerant beneficial microorganisms. As a result, Penicillium allii, with strong oxidative stress tolerance, survives and accumulates in the highly stressful garlic rhizosphere environment, thereby playing an "altruistic but self-detrimental" role in the rotation system. In addition, preliminary field experiments showed that co-application of DADS with P. allii could enhance stable colonization of P. allii, promoting sustainable management of soil-borne diseases and improving yield. In summary, this study reveals that garlic root exudate DADS triggers ROS-mediated selection pressure, enriching stress-tolerant P. allii and establishing an "altruistic" microbiome succession mechanism in crop-rotation systems. This mechanism enables targeted soil-borne disease management through plant-driven microbial community engineering.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic rotation showed benefits to subsequent crops and detrimental effects on garlic itself.
- Taxon
- garlic
Allium sativume0 - Treatment
- rotated with other cropse0
- Outcome
- altruistic but self-detrimental phenomenae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified altruistic but self-detrimental phenomena when garlic was rotated with other crops based on meta-analysis and in vivo experiments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The garlic-pepper rotation system showed density-dependent enrichment of Penicillium.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- garlic-pepper rotation systeme0
- Interactor
- Penicillium
Penicilliume0other - Outcome
- density-dependent enrichmente0
- Direction
- enrichmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies utilizing a globally adopted garlic-pepper rotation system demonstrated density-dependent enrichment of key microbial taxa, especially the Penicillium genus”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium supported healthy growth of non-Allium plants.
- Taxon
- non-Allium plantse0
- Interactor
- PenicilliumPenicilliume0symbiont
- Outcome
- healthy growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Penicillium genus, which supports the healthy growth of non-Allium plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium was pathogenic toward garlic.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Interactor
- PenicilliumPenicilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Penicillium genus, which supports the healthy growth of non-Allium plants but exhibits pathogenicity toward garlic.”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic roots stably secreted DADS into soil.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- stably secrete diallyl disulfide (DADS) into soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic roots stably secrete diallyl disulfide (DADS) into soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic root DADS imposed ROS stress in the rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Compound
- diallyl disulfide (DADS)e0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic roots stably secrete diallyl disulfide (DADS) into soil, imposing reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress in the rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic root DADS reshaped the rhizosphere microbial community.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Compound
- diallyl disulfide (DADS)e0
- Outcome
- reshaping the microbial communitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic roots stably secrete diallyl disulfide (DADS) into soil, imposing reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress in the rhizosphere and reshaping the microbial community”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic root DADS suppressed ROS-sensitive pathogens.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Interactor
- ROS-sensitive pathogense0pathogen
- Compound
- diallyl disulfide (DADS)e0
- Outcome
- suppressing ROS-sensitive pathogense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic roots stably secrete diallyl disulfide (DADS) into soil, imposing reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress in the rhizosphere and reshaping the microbial community, particularly suppressing ROS-sensitive pathogens”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic root DADS enriched ROS-tolerant beneficial microorganisms.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Interactor
- ROS-tolerant beneficial microorganismse0symbiont
- Compound
- diallyl disulfide (DADS)e0
- Outcome
- enriching ROS-tolerant beneficial microorganismse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic roots stably secrete diallyl disulfide (DADS) into soil, imposing reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress in the rhizosphere and reshaping the microbial community, particularly suppressing ROS-sensitive pathogens while enriching ROS-tolerant beneficial microorganisms.”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxidative-stress-tolerant Penicillium allii survived and accumulated in the garlic rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Interactor
- Penicillium allii
Penicillium alliie0pathogen - Outcome
- Penicillium allii, with strong oxidative stress tolerance, survives and accumulatese0
- Setting
- garlic rhizosphere environmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium allii, with strong oxidative stress tolerance, survives and accumulates in the highly stressful garlic rhizosphere environment”
Claim · model-written summary
Field co-application of DADS with P. allii enhanced stable P. allii colonization.
- Taxon
- P. alliiPenicillium alliie0
- Treatment
- co-application of DADS with P. alliie0
- Interactor
- P. alliiPenicillium alliie0pathogen
- Outcome
- stable colonization of P. alliie0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Setting
- fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“preliminary field experiments showed that co-application of DADS with P. allii could enhance stable colonization of P. allii”
Claim · model-written summary
Field co-application of DADS with P. allii promoted soil-borne disease management.
- Taxon
- cropt0
- Treatment
- co-application of DADS with P. alliie0
- Interactor
- P. alliiPenicillium alliie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- sustainable management of soil-borne diseasese0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“crop-rotation systems”
e0“preliminary field experiments showed that co-application of DADS with P. allii could enhance stable colonization of P. allii, promoting sustainable management of soil-borne diseases”
Claim · model-written summary
Field co-application of DADS with P. allii improved yield.
- Taxon
- cropt0
- Treatment
- co-application of DADS with P. alliie0
- Interactor
- P. alliiPenicillium alliie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“crop-rotation systems”
e0“preliminary field experiments showed that co-application of DADS with P. allii could enhance stable colonization of P. allii, promoting sustainable management of soil-borne diseases and improving yield.”