Abstract
Soil contamination with salinity and heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) is becoming a serious global problem due to the rapid development of the social economy. Although plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria PGPR and organic agents such as salicylic acid (SA) are considered major protectants to alleviate abiotic stresses, the study of these bacteria and organic acids to ameliorate the toxic effects of salinity and Cd remains limited. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the individual and combined effects of PGPR and SA on enhancing the phytoremediation of salinity (100 mM NaCl) and Cd (50 µM CdCl₂) using rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. The research results indicated that elevated levels of salinity and Cd stress in soil significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange attributes. However, salinity and Cd stress also induced oxidative stress in the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by 44% and 38%, respectively, which also induced increased compounds of various enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, and also the gene expression and sugar content. Furthermore, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in cadmium accumulation, potential health risk indices, proline metabolism, the AsA–GSH cycle, and the pigmentation of cellular components was observed. Although the application of PGPR and SA showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristics, microbial diversity, functional gene abundance in the rhizosphere, enzymatic and nonenzymatic compounds, and their gene expression, and also decreased oxidative stress. In addition, the application of PGPR and SA enhanced cellular fractionation and decreased metal accumulation by 37% in shoots, proline metabolism, and the AsA–GSH cycle in O. sativa plants. These results provide new insights for sustainable agricultural practices and hold immense promise in addressing the pressing challenges of salinity and heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity and cadmium stress significantly decreased rice growth and biomass.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- salinity and Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- plant growth and biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated levels of salinity and Cd stress in soil significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity and cadmium stress significantly decreased photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange attributes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salinity and Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange attributese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated levels of salinity and Cd stress in soil significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange attributes”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity and cadmium stress increased malondialdehyde by 44%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salinity and Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 44%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity and Cd stress also induced oxidative stress in the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by 44% and 38%, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity and cadmium stress increased hydrogen peroxide by 38%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salinity and Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 38%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity and Cd stress also induced oxidative stress in the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by 44% and 38%, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress increased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salinity and Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induced increased compounds of various enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants”
e1“salinity and Cd stress also induced oxidative stress”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress increased gene expression and sugar content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salinity and Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- gene expression and sugar contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased compounds of various enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, and also the gene expression and sugar content”
e1“salinity and Cd stress also induced oxidative stress”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress significantly increased cadmium accumulation and potential health risk indices.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salinity and Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- cadmium accumulation, potential health risk indicese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant (P < 0.05) increase in cadmium accumulation, potential health risk indices, proline metabolism, the AsA–GSH cycle, and the pigmentation of cellular components was observed”
e1“salinity and Cd stress also induced oxidative stress”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress significantly increased proline metabolism, the AsA–GSH cycle and pigmentation of cellular components.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salinity and Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- proline metabolism, the AsA–GSH cycle, and the pigmentation of cellular componentse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant (P < 0.05) increase in cadmium accumulation, potential health risk indices, proline metabolism, the AsA–GSH cycle, and the pigmentation of cellular components was observed”
e1“salinity and Cd stress also induced oxidative stress”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR and SA significantly increased growth, biomass and gas exchange.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of PGPR and SAe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristicse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of PGPR and SA showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristics”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR and SA significantly increased rhizosphere microbial diversity and functional gene abundance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of PGPR and SAe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- microbial diversity, functional gene abundance in the rhizospheree0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of PGPR and SA showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristics, microbial diversity, functional gene abundance in the rhizosphere”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR and SA increased enzymatic and nonenzymatic compounds and their gene expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of PGPR and SAe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- enzymatic and nonenzymatic compounds, and their gene expressione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of PGPR and SA showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristics, microbial diversity, functional gene abundance in the rhizosphere, enzymatic and nonenzymatic compounds, and their gene expression”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR and SA decreased oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of PGPR and SAe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of PGPR and SA showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristics, microbial diversity, functional gene abundance in the rhizosphere, enzymatic and nonenzymatic compounds, and their gene expression, and also decreased oxidative stress”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR and SA enhanced cellular fractionation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of PGPR and SAe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- cellular fractionatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of PGPR and SA enhanced cellular fractionation”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR and SA decreased shoot metal accumulation by 37%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- application of PGPR and SAe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- metal accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 37%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of PGPR and SA enhanced cellular fractionation and decreased metal accumulation by 37% in shoots”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR and SA decreased proline metabolism and the AsA–GSH cycle.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of PGPR and SAe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- proline metabolism, and the AsA–GSH cyclee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of PGPR and SA enhanced cellular fractionation and decreased metal accumulation by 37% in shoots, proline metabolism, and the AsA–GSH cycle”
t0“rice”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 37 papers →salicylic acid · physiology: gas exchange · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
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8 of 16 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.