Abstract
ABSTRACT Nitrogen leaching is a major pathway of nitrogen fertilizer loss. Although arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to reduce nitrogen leaching by improving plant nitrogen uptake, the soil-based mechanisms remain unclear. A pot experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design, with four nitrogen levels (0, 3.75, 7.5, and 15 mM) and two AM fungal inoculation treatments. The study evaluated plant nitrogen uptake, hyphal length density, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) content, soil aggregation, soil nitrogen content, and nitrogen leaching loss in Camellia oleifera soils. Results showed that both NH 4 + -N and NO 3 − -N in leachate increased with increasing nitrogen application. AM fungi reduced NH 4 + -N (by 19.04% and 44.96%) and total nitrogen (TN, by 20.74% and 24.70%) in the leachate under high nitrogen conditions (7.5 and 15 mM). Under high nitrogen levels, AM fungi significantly increased soil easily extractable and total GRSP contents, NO 3 − -N, TN, and the proportion of 0.05–1.00 mm aggregates, while reducing soil dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) content, and the proportion of 0.002–0.05 mm aggregates. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that hyphal length density, DTN, soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 − -N, and aggregate distribution were strongly associated with nitrogen leaching. Partial least squares path modeling indicated that soil DTN explained 96% of the variation in nitrogen leaching; AM fungi likely reduce soil DTN through increased soil aggregation via GRSP secretion and direct nitrogen absorption by extraradical hyphae. These findings highlight that changes in soil structure play a key role in reducing nutrient loss mediated by AM fungi. IMPORTANCE Nitrogen fertilizers are essential for crop productivity, but low nitrogen use efficiency remains a major challenge in agriculture. Nitrogen leaching is a key contributor to nitrogen loss. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to reduce fertilizer loss by enhancing nitrogen uptake in host plants. This study explored how AM fungi affect nitrogen leaching, plant nitrogen uptake, hyphal development, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) production, soil aggregation, and soil nitrogen content in Camellia oleifera soils. The results show that AM fungi can reduce nitrogen in soluble form and subsequently decrease nitrogen leaching, not only by facilitating nitrogen uptake via extraradical hyphae but also by altering soil structure—especially by promoting aggregate formation through the secretion of GRSP. The findings underscore that the functional significance of AM fungi should not be limited to their interactions with plant components, as their role in soil amelioration is equally important.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungi reduced NH4+-N in leachate by 19.04% and 44.96% under high nitrogen (7.5 and 15 mM) in Camellia oleifera soils
- Taxon
- Camellia oleifera
Camellia oleiferae0 - Treatment
- AM fungie1
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae1symbiont
- Outcome
- NH 4 + -Ne1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 19.04% and 44.96%e1
- Qualifier
- under high nitrogen conditions (7.5 and 15 mM)e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study evaluated plant nitrogen uptake, hyphal length density, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) content, soil aggregation, soil nitrogen content, and nitrogen leaching loss in Camellia oleifera soils”
e1“AM fungi reduced NH 4 + -N (by 19.04% and 44.96%) and total nitrogen (TN, by 20.74% and 24.70%) in the leachate under high nitrogen conditions (7.5 and 15 mM)”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungi reduced total nitrogen in leachate by 20.74% and 24.70% under high nitrogen (7.5 and 15 mM) in Camellia oleifera soils
- Taxon
- Camellia oleiferaCamellia oleiferae0
- Treatment
- AM fungie1
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae1symbiont
- Outcome
- total nitrogene1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 20.74% and 24.70%e1
- Qualifier
- under high nitrogen conditions (7.5 and 15 mM)e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study evaluated plant nitrogen uptake, hyphal length density, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) content, soil aggregation, soil nitrogen content, and nitrogen leaching loss in Camellia oleifera soils”
e1“AM fungi reduced NH 4 + -N (by 19.04% and 44.96%) and total nitrogen (TN, by 20.74% and 24.70%) in the leachate under high nitrogen conditions (7.5 and 15 mM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high nitrogen, AM fungi significantly increased soil easily extractable and total GRSP contents in Camellia oleifera soils
- Taxon
- Camellia oleiferaCamellia oleiferae0
- Treatment
- AM fungie2
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae2symbiont
- Outcome
- soil easily extractable and total GRSP contentse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- Under high nitrogen levelse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study evaluated plant nitrogen uptake, hyphal length density, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) content, soil aggregation, soil nitrogen content, and nitrogen leaching loss in Camellia oleifera soils”
e2“Under high nitrogen levels, AM fungi significantly increased soil easily extractable and total GRSP contents, NO 3 − -N, TN, and the proportion of 0.05–1.00 mm aggregates, while reducing soil dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) content, and the proportion of 0.002–0.05 mm aggregates”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high nitrogen, AM fungi significantly increased the proportion of 0.05–1.00 mm soil aggregates
- Taxon
- Camellia oleiferaCamellia oleiferae0
- Treatment
- AM fungie2
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae2symbiont
- Outcome
- the proportion of 0.05–1.00 mm aggregatese2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- Under high nitrogen levelse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study evaluated plant nitrogen uptake, hyphal length density, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) content, soil aggregation, soil nitrogen content, and nitrogen leaching loss in Camellia oleifera soils”
e2“Under high nitrogen levels, AM fungi significantly increased soil easily extractable and total GRSP contents, NO 3 − -N, TN, and the proportion of 0.05–1.00 mm aggregates, while reducing soil dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) content, and the proportion of 0.002–0.05 mm aggregates”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high nitrogen, AM fungi reduced soil dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) content and the proportion of 0.002–0.05 mm aggregates in Camellia oleifera soils
- Taxon
- Camellia oleiferaCamellia oleiferae0
- Treatment
- AM fungie2
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae2symbiont
- Outcome
- soil dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) content, and the proportion of 0.002–0.05 mm aggregatese2
- Direction
- reducinge2
- Qualifier
- Under high nitrogen levelse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study evaluated plant nitrogen uptake, hyphal length density, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) content, soil aggregation, soil nitrogen content, and nitrogen leaching loss in Camellia oleifera soils”
e2“Under high nitrogen levels, AM fungi significantly increased soil easily extractable and total GRSP contents, NO 3 − -N, TN, and the proportion of 0.05–1.00 mm aggregates, while reducing soil dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) content, and the proportion of 0.002–0.05 mm aggregates”
Claim · model-written summary
Hyphal length density, DTN, soil NH4+-N, NO3--N and aggregate distribution were strongly associated with nitrogen leaching in Camellia oleifera soils
- Taxon
- Camellia oleiferaCamellia oleiferae0
- Compound
- DTNe3
- Outcome
- nitrogen leachinge3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study evaluated plant nitrogen uptake, hyphal length density, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) content, soil aggregation, soil nitrogen content, and nitrogen leaching loss in Camellia oleifera soils”
e3“Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that hyphal length density, DTN, soil NH 4 + -N, NO 3 − -N, and aggregate distribution were strongly associated with nitrogen leaching”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil DTN explained 96% of the variation in nitrogen leaching in a partial least squares path model
- Taxon
- Camellia oleiferaCamellia oleiferae0
- Compound
- DTNe4
- Outcome
- variation in nitrogen leachinge4
- Value
- 96%e4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study evaluated plant nitrogen uptake, hyphal length density, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) content, soil aggregation, soil nitrogen content, and nitrogen leaching loss in Camellia oleifera soils”
e4“Partial least squares path modeling indicated that soil DTN explained 96% of the variation in nitrogen leaching”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungi likely reduce soil DTN through increased soil aggregation via GRSP secretion and direct nitrogen absorption by extraradical hyphae
- Taxon
- Camellia oleiferaCamellia oleiferae0
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae5symbiont
- Gene
- GRSPe5
- Outcome
- soil DTNe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study evaluated plant nitrogen uptake, hyphal length density, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) content, soil aggregation, soil nitrogen content, and nitrogen leaching loss in Camellia oleifera soils”
e5“AM fungi likely reduce soil DTN through increased soil aggregation via GRSP secretion and direct nitrogen absorption by extraradical hyphae”
Claim · model-written summary
Both NH4+-N and NO3--N in leachate increased with increasing nitrogen application in Camellia oleifera soils
- Taxon
- Camellia oleiferaCamellia oleiferae0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen applicatione6
- Outcome
- NH 4 + -N and NO 3 − -N in leachatee6
- Direction
- increasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study evaluated plant nitrogen uptake, hyphal length density, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) content, soil aggregation, soil nitrogen content, and nitrogen leaching loss in Camellia oleifera soils”
e6“Results showed that both NH 4 + -N and NO 3 − -N in leachate increased with increasing nitrogen application”
The same questions in other papers
mycorrhiza · Glomeromycota · Camellia oleifera (tea-oil Camellia)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.