Abstract
In greenhouse cultivation systems, repeated and intensive cropping often lead to soil problems such as salt accumulation, organic matter depletion, deterioration of soil physical properties, and increased pest and disease incidence, resulting in reduced crop growth and yield.This study was conducted to mitigate continuous cropping obstacles and improve soil conditions by applying various organic and inorganic soil amendments, including biochar (BC), rice husks (RH), rice straw (RS), and weathered granite soil (MS).The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) field in Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea, where lettuce had been continuously cultivated for more than 10 years.Soil amendments were applied four weeks before transplanting at rates of 0.2, 2, and 2 ton 10a -1 for BC, RH, and RS, respectively, and 35 ton 10a -1 for MS.The effects of each amendment on soil physicochemical properties, crop growth, and disease incidence were evaluated.BC and RH treatments significantly reduced soil bulk density to 0.9 Mg m -3 compared with the control (1.3 Mg m -3 , p < 0.05), increased effective soil depth up to 27 cm, and decreased electrical conductivity from 5.3 to 1.4 dS m -1 .In terms of lettuce growth, the number of leaves per plant (12.5 and 12.3, respectively) and yields (5,037 and 5,061 kg 10a -1 , respectively) in BC and RH treatments were significantly higher than those of the control (1,941 kg 10a -1 ), representing approximately a 2.6-fold increase.In contrast, the MS treatment exhibited the highest bulk density (1.2 Mg m -3 ) and the lowest organic matter content (28.0 g kg -1 ), indicating minimal improvement in soil physical properties.Additionally, BC treatment effectively suppressed soil nematode density (31 individuals per 100 g soil) and reduced fusarium wilt incidence.While RH and RS treatments slightly increased nematode populations, they positively influenced root development (p < 0.05).These results suggest that biochar and rice husks are effective amendments for mitigating continuous cropping stress in greenhouse lettuce cultivation, and that long-term studies are required to establish optimal application strategies for sustainable soil management.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and rice husk treatments significantly reduced soil bulk density to 0.9 Mg m -3 compared with the control in greenhouse lettuce soil.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- BC and RH treatmentse1
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 0.9 Mg m -3e1
- Qualifier
- 1.3 Mg m -3 , p < 0.05e1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Koreae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) field in Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea”
e1“BC and RH treatments significantly reduced soil bulk density to 0.9 Mg m -3 compared with the control (1.3 Mg m -3 , p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and rice husk treatments increased effective soil depth up to 27 cm.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- BC and RH treatmentse1
- Outcome
- effective soil depthe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 27 cme2
- Setting
- Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Koreae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) field in Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea”
e1“BC and RH treatments significantly reduced soil bulk density to 0.9 Mg m -3 compared with the control (1.3 Mg m -3 , p < 0.05)”
e2“increased effective soil depth up to 27 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and rice husk treatments decreased electrical conductivity from 5.3 to 1.4 dS m -1 in greenhouse lettuce soil.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- BC and RH treatmentse1
- Outcome
- electrical conductivitye3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 5.3 to 1.4 dS m -1e3
- Setting
- Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Koreae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) field in Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea”
e1“BC and RH treatments significantly reduced soil bulk density to 0.9 Mg m -3 compared with the control (1.3 Mg m -3 , p < 0.05)”
e3“decreased electrical conductivity from 5.3 to 1.4 dS m -1”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and rice husk treatments significantly increased the number of leaves per lettuce plant compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- BC and RH treatmentse4
- Outcome
- the number of leaves per plante4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 12.5 and 12.3e4
- Comparator
- controle4
- Setting
- Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Koreae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) field in Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea”
e4“the number of leaves per plant (12.5 and 12.3, respectively) and yields (5,037 and 5,061 kg 10a -1 , respectively) in BC and RH treatments were significantly higher than those of the control (1,941 kg 10a -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and rice husk treatments significantly increased lettuce yield to 5,037 and 5,061 kg 10a -1 compared with the control, about 2.6-fold.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- BC and RH treatmentse4
- Outcome
- yieldse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 5,037 and 5,061 kg 10a -1e4
- Qualifier
- 1,941 kg 10a -1e4
- Comparator
- controle4
- Setting
- Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Koreae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) field in Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea”
e4“the number of leaves per plant (12.5 and 12.3, respectively) and yields (5,037 and 5,061 kg 10a -1 , respectively) in BC and RH treatments were significantly higher than those of the control (1,941 kg 10a -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
The MS treatment exhibited the highest soil bulk density, 1.2 Mg m -3.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- MS treatmente6
- Outcome
- bulk densitye6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 1.2 Mg m -3e6
- Setting
- Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Koreae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) field in Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea”
e6“the MS treatment exhibited the highest bulk density (1.2 Mg m -3 ) and the lowest organic matter content (28.0 g kg -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
The MS treatment exhibited the lowest soil organic matter content, 28.0 g kg -1.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- MS treatmente6
- Outcome
- organic matter contente6
- Direction
- loweste6
- Value
- 28.0 g kg -1e6
- Setting
- Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Koreae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) field in Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea”
e6“the MS treatment exhibited the highest bulk density (1.2 Mg m -3 ) and the lowest organic matter content (28.0 g kg -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
BC treatment effectively suppressed soil nematode density to 31 individuals per 100 g soil.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- BC treatmente7
- Outcome
- soil nematode densitye7
- Direction
- suppressede7
- Value
- 31 individuals per 100 g soile7
- Setting
- Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Koreae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) field in Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea”
e7“BC treatment effectively suppressed soil nematode density (31 individuals per 100 g soil) and reduced fusarium wilt incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
BC treatment reduced fusarium wilt incidence in greenhouse lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- BC treatmente7
- Outcome
- fusarium wilt incidencee7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Setting
- Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Koreae0
FusariumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) field in Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea”
e7“BC treatment effectively suppressed soil nematode density (31 individuals per 100 g soil) and reduced fusarium wilt incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
RH and RS treatments slightly increased soil nematode populations.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- RH and RS treatmentse5
- Outcome
- nematode populationse5
- Direction
- slightly increasede5
- Setting
- Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Koreae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) field in Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea”
e5“While RH and RS treatments slightly increased nematode populations, they positively influenced root development (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
RH and RS treatments positively influenced lettuce root development.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativae0
- Organ / stage
- roote5
- Treatment
- RH and RS treatmentse5
- Outcome
- root developmente5
- Direction
- positively influencede5
- Setting
- Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Koreae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) field in Bibong-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea”
e5“While RH and RS treatments slightly increased nematode populations, they positively influenced root development (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and rice husks are effective amendments for mitigating continuous cropping stress in greenhouse lettuce cultivation.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae6
- Treatment
- biochar and rice huskse6
- Outcome
- mitigating continuous cropping stresse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“These results suggest that biochar and rice husks are effective amendments for mitigating continuous cropping stress in greenhouse lettuce cultivation”
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