Abstract
Photoperiod is a crucial environmental cue that regulates flowering time in plants, playing a vital role in crop adaptability and early maturity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying photoperiod-regulated flowering in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) remain unclear. In this study, cotton plants were exposed to different photoperiod treatments during the seedling stage. Phenotypic evaluation, transcriptomic sequencing, and metabolomic profiling were integrated to systematically investigate the effects of photoperiod on flowering time and the associated molecular and metabolic regulatory pathways. The results showed that long-day treatments significantly accelerated budding and flowering in cotton, advancing by 20 and 17 days, respectively, compared to short-day conditions. Transcriptome analysis identified numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in photoperiod response, hormone signaling, and metabolic regulation. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) further revealed that key photoperiod-related genes, including GhFKF1 , were upregulated under long-day conditions and formed co-expression networks with flowering regulators. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed significant enrichment in glycerophospholipid metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Long-day treatment suppressed the expression of key genes and precursors involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis, while simultaneously upregulating genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, leading to increased accumulation of metabolites such as myricetin. Therefore, we propose a theoretical model in which long-day treatment during the seedling stage integrates hormonal and photoperiodic signals by upregulating the expression of the GhFKF1 gene. This regulation may contribute to the initiation of flowering by simultaneously suppressing jasmonic acid biosynthesis and activating the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Our findings offer a theoretical foundation and a novel perspective for understanding the photoperiodic response and molecular mechanisms underlying early maturation in cotton.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Long-day treatment significantly accelerated budding in cotton by 20 days compared to short-day conditions
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume1 - Treatment
- long-day treatmentse1
- Outcome
- buddinge1
- Direction
- acceleratede1
- Value
- 20e1
- Comparator
- short-day conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“long-day treatments significantly accelerated budding and flowering in cotton, advancing by 20 and 17 days, respectively, compared to short-day conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-day treatment significantly accelerated flowering in cotton by 17 days compared to short-day conditions
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- long-day treatmentse1
- Outcome
- floweringe1
- Direction
- acceleratede1
- Value
- 17 dayse1
- Comparator
- short-day conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“long-day treatments significantly accelerated budding and flowering in cotton, advancing by 20 and 17 days, respectively, compared to short-day conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome analysis identified numerous differentially expressed genes in cotton related to photoperiod response, hormone signaling and metabolic regulation
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“long-day treatments significantly accelerated budding and flowering in cotton, advancing by 20 and 17 days, respectively, compared to short-day conditions”
e2“Transcriptome analysis identified numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in photoperiod response, hormone signaling, and metabolic regulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Key photoperiod-related genes including GhFKF1 were upregulated under long-day conditions
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- long-day conditionse3
- Gene
- GhFKF1e3
- Outcome
- photoperiod-related genese3
- Direction
- upregulatede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“long-day treatments significantly accelerated budding and flowering in cotton, advancing by 20 and 17 days, respectively, compared to short-day conditions”
e3“key photoperiod-related genes, including GhFKF1 , were upregulated under long-day conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
GhFKF1 formed co-expression networks with flowering regulators in cotton
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Gene
- GhFKF1e3
- Outcome
- co-expression networks with flowering regulatorse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“long-day treatments significantly accelerated budding and flowering in cotton, advancing by 20 and 17 days, respectively, compared to short-day conditions”
e3“key photoperiod-related genes, including GhFKF1 , were upregulated under long-day conditions”
e4“formed co-expression networks with flowering regulators”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed significant enrichment in glycerophospholipid, α-linolenic acid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways in cotton
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Outcome
- enrichment in glycerophospholipid metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathwayse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“long-day treatments significantly accelerated budding and flowering in cotton, advancing by 20 and 17 days, respectively, compared to short-day conditions”
e5“significant enrichment in glycerophospholipid metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-day treatment suppressed expression of key genes and precursors of jasmonic acid biosynthesis
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- Long-day treatmente6
- Outcome
- expression of key genes and precursors involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesise6
- Direction
- suppressede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“long-day treatments significantly accelerated budding and flowering in cotton, advancing by 20 and 17 days, respectively, compared to short-day conditions”
e6“Long-day treatment suppressed the expression of key genes and precursors involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-day treatment upregulated genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in cotton
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- Long-day treatmente6
- Outcome
- genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesise7
- Direction
- upregulatinge7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“long-day treatments significantly accelerated budding and flowering in cotton, advancing by 20 and 17 days, respectively, compared to short-day conditions”
e6“Long-day treatment suppressed the expression of key genes and precursors involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis”
e7“while simultaneously upregulating genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, leading to increased accumulation of metabolites such as myricetin”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-day treatment increased accumulation of metabolites such as myricetin in cotton
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- Long-day treatmente6
- Outcome
- accumulation of metabolites such as myricetine7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“long-day treatments significantly accelerated budding and flowering in cotton, advancing by 20 and 17 days, respectively, compared to short-day conditions”
e6“Long-day treatment suppressed the expression of key genes and precursors involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis”
e7“while simultaneously upregulating genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, leading to increased accumulation of metabolites such as myricetin”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-day treatment during the seedling stage may initiate flowering in cotton by integrating hormonal and photoperiodic signals through GhFKF1
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Organ / stage
- seedling stagee2
- Treatment
- long-day treatmente2
- Gene
- GhFKF1e2
- Outcome
- initiation of floweringe3
- Qualifier
- may contributee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“long-day treatments significantly accelerated budding and flowering in cotton, advancing by 20 and 17 days, respectively, compared to short-day conditions”
e2“we propose a theoretical model in which long-day treatment during the seedling stage integrates hormonal and photoperiodic signals by upregulating the expression of the GhFKF1 gene”
e3“This regulation may contribute to the initiation of flowering by simultaneously suppressing jasmonic acid biosynthesis and activating the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway”
The same questions in other papers
light · phenology · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.