Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of foliar silicon (Si) application on physiological and biochemical traits in three buckwheat lines (La Harpe, Panda, Smuga) grown under optimal (control) and drought stress conditions. Plants were cultivated under controlled conditions with four treatments: Control (80% water availability), Drought (40%), Control + Si, and Drought + Si (0.5 mM Na 2 SiO 3 ·9H 2 O applied to foliage). Water stress significantly reduced relative leaf water content (RWC), osmotic potential (Ψ s ), photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange parameters ( A , E , g s ) in all varieties. It also increased malondialdehyde (MDA), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and 5-methylcytosine (5mC), while Fv/Fm remained unchanged, indicating sustained photosystem II activity. However, varietal differences were evident. La Harpe and Panda showed lower RWC, Ψ s , A , E , and g s under drought than Smuga. La Harpe had the highest MDA accumulation in roots, increased 5mC levels in leaves, and was the only line with decreased water use efficiency (WUE). Smuga exhibited the highest natural proline level and the strongest proline increase under drought. Foliar Si application reduced MDA and enhanced antioxidant activity (TFC, TAC) in both roots and leaves across all varieties, under both water regimes. The strongest antioxidant response was observed in La Harpe. Si also improved photosynthetic pigment levels, likely contributing to the protection of the photosynthetic apparatus under drought stress. Its effects on RWC, Ψ s , and gas exchange under drought were variety-specific: La Harpe and Panda responded positively, while Smuga showed minimal changes. Group correlation analysis under drought showed that Smuga had the strongest positive correlations between plant health traits and stress responses, suggesting effective physiological coordination. Panda showed moderate, and La Harpe negative, correlations. After Si application, these relationships improved most in Smuga, moderately in Panda, and least in La Harpe. Overall, the results reveal clear genotype-specific responses to foliar-applied Si in buckwheat. Silicon improved antioxidant defenses, mitigated drought-induced oxidative stress, and supported physiological functions, particularly in Smuga. These findings support using Si as a promising tool to enhance drought resilience in buckwheat cultivation.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly reduced leaf water status, pigments, and gas exchange across varieties.
Verbatim
e0“Water stress significantly reduced relative leaf water content (RWC), osmotic potential (Ψ s ), photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange parameters ( A , E , g s ) in all varieties”
t0“Silicon application enhances drought resilience in buckwheat: a comparative study of three varieties”
e1“grown under optimal (control) and drought stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased MDA, TFC, TAC, and 5mC across varieties.
- Taxon
- buckwheatt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and 5-methylcytosine (5mC)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“It also increased malondialdehyde (MDA), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and 5-methylcytosine (5mC)”
t0“Silicon application enhances drought resilience in buckwheat: a comparative study of three varieties”
e1“grown under optimal (control) and drought stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Fv/Fm remained unchanged under drought.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fv/Fm remained unchanged, indicating sustained photosystem II activity”
t0“Silicon application enhances drought resilience in buckwheat: a comparative study of three varieties”
e1“grown under optimal (control) and drought stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought, La Harpe had lower water status and gas exchange than Smuga.
Verbatim
e0“La Harpe and Panda showed lower RWC, Ψ s , A , E , and g s under drought than Smuga”
t0“buckwheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought, Panda had lower water status and gas exchange than Smuga.
Verbatim
e0“La Harpe and Panda showed lower RWC, Ψ s , A , E , and g s under drought than Smuga”
t0“buckwheat”
Claim · model-written summary
La Harpe had the highest root MDA accumulation.
Verbatim
e0“La Harpe had the highest MDA accumulation in roots”
t0“buckwheat”
Claim · model-written summary
La Harpe showed increased leaf 5mC.
Verbatim
e0“increased 5mC levels in leaves”
t0“Silicon application enhances drought resilience in buckwheat: a comparative study of three varieties”
e1“La Harpe had the highest MDA accumulation in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
La Harpe was the only line with reduced WUE.
Verbatim
e0“was the only line with decreased water use efficiency (WUE)”
t0“Silicon application enhances drought resilience in buckwheat: a comparative study of three varieties”
e1“La Harpe had the highest MDA accumulation in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Smuga had the highest baseline proline level.
Verbatim
e0“Smuga exhibited the highest natural proline level”
t0“buckwheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Smuga had the strongest proline increase under drought.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Smuga exhibited the highest natural proline level and the strongest proline increase under drought”
t0“buckwheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar silicon reduced MDA across tissues, varieties, and water regimes.
- Taxon
- buckwheatt0
- Treatment
- Foliar Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- MDAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- both roots and leaves across all varieties, under both water regimese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Foliar Si application reduced MDA and enhanced antioxidant activity (TFC, TAC) in both roots and leaves across all varieties, under both water regimes”
t0“buckwheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar silicon enhanced TFC and TAC antioxidant activity across tissues, varieties, and water regimes.
- Taxon
- buckwheatt0
- Treatment
- Foliar Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activity (TFC, TAC)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Foliar Si application reduced MDA and enhanced antioxidant activity (TFC, TAC) in both roots and leaves across all varieties, under both water regimes”
t0“buckwheat”
Claim · model-written summary
La Harpe had the strongest antioxidant response to silicon.
Verbatim
e0“The strongest antioxidant response was observed in La Harpe”
t0“buckwheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon improved photosynthetic pigment levels.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Si also improved photosynthetic pigment levels”
t0“buckwheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought, silicon improved water status and gas exchange in La Harpe.
- Taxon
- buckwheatt0
- Material
- La Harpee0
- Treatment
- Sit0
- Outcome
- RWC, Ψ s , and gas exchangee0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Its effects on RWC, Ψ s , and gas exchange under drought were variety-specific: La Harpe and Panda responded positively”
t0“Silicon application enhances drought resilience in buckwheat: a comparative study of three varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought, silicon improved water status and gas exchange in Panda.
- Taxon
- buckwheatt0
- Material
- Pandae0
- Treatment
- Sit0
- Outcome
- RWC, Ψ s , and gas exchangee0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Its effects on RWC, Ψ s , and gas exchange under drought were variety-specific: La Harpe and Panda responded positively”
t0“Silicon application enhances drought resilience in buckwheat: a comparative study of three varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought, silicon produced minimal changes in Smuga water status and gas exchange.
- Taxon
- buckwheatt0
- Material
- Smugae0
- Treatment
- Sit0
- Outcome
- RWC, Ψ s , and gas exchangee1
- Direction
- minimal changese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“while Smuga showed minimal changes”
t0“Silicon application enhances drought resilience in buckwheat: a comparative study of three varieties”
e1“Its effects on RWC, Ψ s , and gas exchange under drought were variety-specific: La Harpe and Panda responded positively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought, Smuga had the strongest positive trait correlations; Panda moderate and La Harpe negative.
- Taxon
- buckwheatt0
- Material
- Smugae0
- Outcome
- correlations between plant health traits and stress responsese0
- Qualifier
- strongest positive correlationse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Smuga had the strongest positive correlations between plant health traits and stress responses, suggesting effective physiological coordination. Panda showed moderate, and La Harpe negative, correlations”
t0“buckwheat”
Claim · model-written summary
After silicon, the trait correlations improved most in Smuga.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“After Si application, these relationships improved most in Smuga, moderately in Panda, and least in La Harpe”
t0“buckwheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors support silicon as a tool for improving drought resilience in buckwheat cultivation.
Verbatim
e0“These findings support using Si as a promising tool to enhance drought resilience in buckwheat cultivation”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.