Abstract
Background/Objectives: Allophylus edulis, known as “vacum”, is popularly used in Brazil for treating inflammatory diseases, though no scientific evidence supports the anti-inflammatory activity of its leaf infusion. This study aimed to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the lyophilized infusion (ILAE) of A. edulis leaves, as well as the pharmacological effects of its hydromethanolic fraction (HMf) and the isolated compound vitexin 2″-O-rhamnoside (AE-1). Histochemical analyses of the leaves and in silico toxicity prediction of AE-1 were also performed. Methods: Fresh leaves were used for histochemical analysis and preparation of ILAE. The infusion was fractionated into n-hexane (Hf), ethyl acetate (EAf), and HMf fractions. Total phenols, flavonoids, flavonols, tannins, and antioxidant activity were determined by spectrophotometric methods. AE-1 was obtained from HMf through chromatographic methods and was evaluated by the ProTox model in relation to toxicity predictions (in silico). Anti-inflammatory effects of ILAE (3, 30, 100 mg/kg), HMf (3, 30 mg/kg), and AE-1 (3 mg/kg) were evaluated in carrageenan-induced paw edema, pleurisy, and CFA-induced inflammation in mice. Results: ILAE and its fractions were rich in total phenols (≤177 mg GAE/g) and showed potent antioxidant activity. Histochemical analysis revealed leaf secretory structures. AE-1 showed no hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or cytotoxic effects in silico. All doses of ILAE and HMf reduced edema, hyperalgesia, and leukocyte migration. ILAE (30 mg/kg), HMf (30 mg/kg), and AE-1 (3 mg/kg) reduced CFA-induced inflammatory responses. Conclusions: ILAE contains polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperalgesic properties, supporting the traditional use of A. edulis and its potential in inflammation-related therapies.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The lyophilized leaf infusion of Allophylus edulis was rich in total phenols (≤177 mg GAE/g).
- Taxon
- Allophylus edulis
Allophylus edulist0 - Organ / stage
- Leavest0
- Outcome
- total phenolse1
- Value
- ≤177 mg GAE/ge1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk Leaves”
e1“ILAE and its fractions were rich in total phenols (≤177 mg GAE/g)”
Claim · model-written summary
The leaf infusion and its fractions showed potent antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- Allophylus edulisAllophylus edulist0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk Leaves”
e2“ILAE and its fractions were rich in total phenols (≤177 mg GAE/g) and showed potent antioxidant activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Histochemical analysis revealed leaf secretory structures in the leaves.
- Taxon
- Allophylus edulisAllophylus edulist0
- Organ / stage
- leafe3
- Outcome
- leaf secretory structurese3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk Leaves”
e3“Histochemical analysis revealed leaf secretory structures”
Claim · model-written summary
The compound AE-1 showed no hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic or cytotoxic effects in silico.
- Taxon
- Allophylus edulisAllophylus edulist0
- Compound
- AE-1e4
- Outcome
- hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or cytotoxic effectse4
- Qualifier
- in silicoe4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk Leaves”
e4“AE-1 showed no hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or cytotoxic effects in silico”
Claim · model-written summary
All doses of the leaf infusion ILAE reduced edema, hyperalgesia and leukocyte migration.
- Taxon
- Allophylus edulisAllophylus edulist0
- Treatment
- ILAEe5
- Outcome
- edema, hyperalgesia, and leukocyte migratione5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Qualifier
- All dosese5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk Leaves”
e5“All doses of ILAE and HMf reduced edema, hyperalgesia, and leukocyte migration”
Claim · model-written summary
All doses of the hydromethanolic fraction HMf reduced edema, hyperalgesia and leukocyte migration.
- Taxon
- Allophylus edulisAllophylus edulist0
- Treatment
- HMfe5
- Outcome
- edema, hyperalgesia, and leukocyte migratione5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Qualifier
- All dosese5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk Leaves”
e5“All doses of ILAE and HMf reduced edema, hyperalgesia, and leukocyte migration”
Claim · model-written summary
ILAE at 30 mg/kg reduced CFA-induced inflammatory responses.
- Taxon
- Allophylus edulisAllophylus edulist0
- Treatment
- ILAE (30 mg/kg)e6
- Outcome
- CFA-induced inflammatory responsese6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk Leaves”
e6“ILAE (30 mg/kg), HMf (30 mg/kg), and AE-1 (3 mg/kg) reduced CFA-induced inflammatory responses”
Claim · model-written summary
HMf at 30 mg/kg reduced CFA-induced inflammatory responses.
- Taxon
- Allophylus edulisAllophylus edulist0
- Treatment
- HMf (30 mg/kg)e6
- Outcome
- CFA-induced inflammatory responsese6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk Leaves”
e6“ILAE (30 mg/kg), HMf (30 mg/kg), and AE-1 (3 mg/kg) reduced CFA-induced inflammatory responses”
Claim · model-written summary
AE-1 at 3 mg/kg reduced CFA-induced inflammatory responses.
- Taxon
- Allophylus edulisAllophylus edulist0
- Treatment
- AE-1 (3 mg/kg)e6
- Outcome
- CFA-induced inflammatory responsese6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk Leaves”
e6“ILAE (30 mg/kg), HMf (30 mg/kg), and AE-1 (3 mg/kg) reduced CFA-induced inflammatory responses”