Abstract
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a vital crop for food security and export in Egypt, yet its productivity is heavily constrained by infestations of aphids (Aphis craccivora) and leaf miners (Liriomyza trifolii). This study investigated the comparative efficacy of three plant defense elicitors—salicylic acid (SA), chitosan (CH), and pyroligneous acid (PA)—and three conventional insecticides—chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, and emamectin benzoate—applied individually and in combination under laboratory and field conditions during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons.Laboratory assays using the leaf-dip method were performed to determine LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values, while field experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 11 treatments and one untreated control, replicated three times. Treatments were evaluated for their impact on pest suppression, sublethal effects (aphid fecundity and leaf miner tunnel length), and crop performance (biological, seed, and straw yields).Results demonstrated that combinations, especially chlorpyrifos + SA, imidacloprid + SA, and emamectin + SA, achieved the lowest LC₅₀ values and produced the highest pest suppression. Under field conditions, pest reduction reached 77.2%, with emamectin + SA and chlorpyrifos + SA being most effective. These treatments significantly reduced aphid reproduction and tunneling activity of leaf miners. Yield improvements were also observed, with seed yields reaching 6.15 kg per 21 m² plot (≈1230 kg/feddan).In conclusion, integrating systemic insecticides with biochemical elicitors enhanced pest control efficacy, minimized chemical reliance, and improved crop productivity. This approach offers a sustainable and resilient integrated pest management (IPM) framework suitable for Egyptian legume cultivation systems.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorpyrifos plus SA yielded among the lowest LC₅₀ values and highest pest suppression.
- Taxon
- common bean
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- chlorpyrifos + SAe0
- Outcome
- LC₅₀ values and produced the highest pest suppressione0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combinations, especially chlorpyrifos + SA, imidacloprid + SA, and emamectin + SA, achieved the lowest LC₅₀ values and produced the highest pest suppression.”
t0“common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Imidacloprid plus SA yielded among the lowest LC₅₀ values and highest pest suppression.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- imidacloprid + SAe0
- Outcome
- LC₅₀ values and produced the highest pest suppressione0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combinations, especially chlorpyrifos + SA, imidacloprid + SA, and emamectin + SA, achieved the lowest LC₅₀ values and produced the highest pest suppression.”
t0“common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Emamectin plus SA yielded among the lowest LC₅₀ values and highest pest suppression.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- emamectin + SAe0
- Outcome
- LC₅₀ values and produced the highest pest suppressione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combinations, especially chlorpyrifos + SA, imidacloprid + SA, and emamectin + SA, achieved the lowest LC₅₀ values and produced the highest pest suppression.”
t0“common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Field pest reduction reached 77.2%; emamectin plus SA was among the most effective treatments.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- emamectin + SAe0
- Outcome
- pest reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 77.2%e0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under field conditions, pest reduction reached 77.2%, with emamectin + SA and chlorpyrifos + SA being most effective.”
t0“common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Field pest reduction reached 77.2%; chlorpyrifos plus SA was among the most effective treatments.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- chlorpyrifos + SAe0
- Outcome
- pest reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 77.2%e0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under field conditions, pest reduction reached 77.2%, with emamectin + SA and chlorpyrifos + SA being most effective.”
t0“common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The most effective treatments significantly reduced aphid reproduction.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- emamectin + SA and chlorpyrifos + SAe1
- Interactor
- Aphis craccivora
Aphis craccivorae2pest - Outcome
- aphid reproductione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These treatments significantly reduced aphid reproduction and tunneling activity of leaf miners.”
e1“emamectin + SA and chlorpyrifos + SA being most effective.”
e2“aphids (Aphis craccivora)”
t0“common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The most effective treatments significantly reduced leaf-miner tunneling.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- emamectin + SA and chlorpyrifos + SAe1
- Interactor
- Liriomyza trifolii
Liriomyza trifoliie2pest - Outcome
- tunneling activity of leaf minerse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These treatments significantly reduced aphid reproduction and tunneling activity of leaf miners.”
e1“emamectin + SA and chlorpyrifos + SA being most effective.”
e2“leaf miners (Liriomyza trifolii)”
t0“common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments improved seed yield, which reached 6.15 kg per 21 m² plot.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- seed yieldse0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- 6.15 kg per 21 m² plote0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield improvements were also observed, with seed yields reaching 6.15 kg per 21 m² plot (≈1230 kg/feddan).”
t0“common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose insecticide and elicitor integration as an integrated pest management approach for Egyptian legumes.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- integrating systemic insecticides with biochemical elicitorse1
- Outcome
- integrated pest management (IPM) frameworke0
- Setting
- Egyptian legume cultivation systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This approach offers a sustainable and resilient integrated pest management (IPM) framework suitable for Egyptian legume cultivation systems.”
e1“integrating systemic insecticides with biochemical elicitors enhanced pest control efficacy, minimized chemical reliance, and improved crop productivity.”
t0“common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
The same questions in other papers
imidacloprid · control · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
emamectin · Liriomyza trifolii · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
chlorpyrifos · Liriomyza trifolii · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
chlorpyrifos · control · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.