Abstract
Optimizing straw return and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management is critical for enhancing sustainable wheat production. A two-season field study investigated the synergistic effects of varying rice straw return rates (s₁ = full straw return, s₂ = 50% straw return, s₃ = no straw return) and split nitrogen fertilizer strategies (n₁ = conventional N, n₂ = 126 kg ha-1basal + 54 kg ha-1overwinter, n₃ = three-split N application; ck = control, no N fertilizer) on wheat yield, yield components, soil fertility, biomass accumulation, and photosynthetic efficiency. The results consistently demonstrated that the combined strategy had a significant impact on all measured parameters. The optimal treatment, 50% straw return (s₂) coupled with a two-split nitrogen application (n₂), maximized wheat grain yield at approximately 7,384±173 kg ha-1, representing a 15−19% increase over conventional practices (s₃-n₁). This yield advantage was primarily attributed to enhanced spike formation. Furthermore, full straw return (s₁) combined with a three-split nitrogen application (n₃) significantly improved soil fertility, achieving the highest soil organic carbon (SOC) content (22.1 g kg-1), which was 55.1−81.5% higher than conventional methods, alongside substantial increases in soil N, P, and K. The s₂-n₂ treatment also led to peak dry matter accumulation (31,604 kg ha-1 at maturity), a 158% increase over the control (ck). For photosynthetic performance, 50% straw return (s₂) with three-split nitrogen (n₃) consistently produced superior SPAD values (83.1) and LAI (4.65) at 14 days after flowering, sustaining active photosynthesis 50−100% longer than conventional practices. These research findings underscore that moderate straw retention combined with strategic split nitrogen application provides a balanced approach, enhancing both wheat productivity and soil health by optimizing nutrient availability and prolonged photosynthetic activity, while avoiding the yield penalties associated with excessive incorporation.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Half straw return with two nitrogen splits raised wheat grain yield 15−19% above conventional practice.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- 50% straw return (s₂) coupled with a two-split nitrogen application (n₂)e0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximizede0
- Value
- 7,384±173 kg ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- 15−19% increasee0
- Comparator
- conventional practices (s₃-n₁)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimal treatment, 50% straw return (s₂) coupled with a two-split nitrogen application (n₂), maximized wheat grain yield at approximately 7,384±173 kg ha-1, representing a 15−19% increase over conventional practices (s₃-n₁).”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield advantage was attributed mainly to enhanced spike formation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yield advantagee0
- Qualifier
- enhanced spike formatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This yield advantage was primarily attributed to enhanced spike formation.”
t0“winter wheat performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Full straw return and three nitrogen splits raised soil organic carbon to 22.1 g kg-1, 55.1−81.5% above conventional methods.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- full straw return (s₁) combined with a three-split nitrogen application (n₃)e0
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon (SOC) contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 22.1 g kg-1e0
- Qualifier
- 55.1−81.5% highere0
- Comparator
- conventional methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“full straw return (s₁) combined with a three-split nitrogen application (n₃) significantly improved soil fertility, achieving the highest soil organic carbon (SOC) content (22.1 g kg-1), which was 55.1−81.5% higher than conventional methods”
t0“winter wheat performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Full straw return with three nitrogen splits increased soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- full straw return (s₁) combined with a three-split nitrogen application (n₃)e0
- Outcome
- soil N, P, and Ke1
- Direction
- increasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“full straw return (s₁) combined with a three-split nitrogen application (n₃) significantly improved soil fertility”
e1“alongside substantial increases in soil N, P, and K”
t0“winter wheat performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Half straw return with two nitrogen splits increased dry matter accumulation 158% over the control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 50% straw return (s₂) coupled with a two-split nitrogen application (n₂)e1
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- peake0
- Value
- 31,604 kg ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- 158% increasee0
- Comparator
- the control (ck)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The s₂-n₂ treatment also led to peak dry matter accumulation (31,604 kg ha-1 at maturity), a 158% increase over the control (ck).”
e1“50% straw return (s₂) coupled with a two-split nitrogen application (n₂)”
t0“winter wheat performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Half straw return with three nitrogen splits yielded a superior SPAD value of 83.1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 50% straw return (s₂) with three-split nitrogen (n₃)e0
- Outcome
- SPAD valuese0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 83.1e0
- Qualifier
- 14 days after floweringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“50% straw return (s₂) with three-split nitrogen (n₃) consistently produced superior SPAD values (83.1) and LAI (4.65) at 14 days after flowering”
t0“winter wheat performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Half straw return with three nitrogen splits yielded superior leaf area index of 4.65.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 50% straw return (s₂) with three-split nitrogen (n₃)e0
- Outcome
- LAIe0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 4.65e0
- Qualifier
- 14 days after floweringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“50% straw return (s₂) with three-split nitrogen (n₃) consistently produced superior SPAD values (83.1) and LAI (4.65) at 14 days after flowering”
t0“winter wheat performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Half straw return with three nitrogen splits sustained active photosynthesis 50−100% longer than conventional practice.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 50% straw return (s₂) with three-split nitrogen (n₃)e0
- Outcome
- active photosynthesise0
- Direction
- longere0
- Value
- 50−100%e0
- Comparator
- conventional practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“50% straw return (s₂) with three-split nitrogen (n₃) consistently produced superior SPAD values (83.1) and LAI (4.65) at 14 days after flowering, sustaining active photosynthesis 50−100% longer than conventional practices”
t0“winter wheat performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate straw retention and split nitrogen application were recommended to balance wheat productivity and soil health.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- moderate straw retention combined with strategic split nitrogen applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate straw retention combined with strategic split nitrogen application provides a balanced approach, enhancing both wheat productivity and soil health by optimizing nutrient availability and prolonged photosynthetic activity, while avoiding the yield penalties associated with excessive incorporation”
t0“winter wheat performance”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.