Abstract
This study investigated the effects of foliar selenium (Se) application (either alone or in combination with compound adjuvants or microbial agents) on the yield, Se distribution, translocation, organic Se forms, and mineral composition in black wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ). Using sodium selenite (Na 2 SeO 3 ) as the Se source, five treatments were applied via unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spraying under optimal field conditions (30 L per 10 mu; clear, windless afternoons): CK (distilled water control), T1 (Na 2 SeO 3 alone), T2 (Na 2 SeO 3 + adjuvant), T3 (Na 2 SeO 3 + microbial agent), and T4 (Na 2 SeO 3 + adjuvant + microbial agent). Key findings revealed that T2 significantly increased the 1000-grain weight by 13.79% compared to CK, while other treatments showed no significant yield improvements. All Se treatments markedly elevated total Se content across plant tissues, with T1 and T2 achieving the highest and statistically similar Se accumulation in grains (grain Se content increased about 9–10 fold versus CK). T1 demonstrated the most efficient Se translocation from spikes to grains and husks. Organic Se speciation analysis identified selenomethionine (SeMet) as the predominant form in grains, with T1 yielding the highest SeMet concentration, while the addition of auxiliaries (T2, T3, T4) significantly reduced SeMet content compared to T1. Additionally, Se application enhanced essential mineral levels (Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe) while reducing toxic heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb). Notably, T2 was particularly effective in reducing Cd concentration to 0.032 mg/kg, meeting food safety thresholds. These results demonstrate a clear trade-off: foliar Se application alone (T1) optimizes nutritional quality via SeMet enrichment, whereas its combination with an adjuvant (T2) provides a balanced strategy, enhancing yield and Cd safety alongside robust Se biofortification. This integrated foliar application approach offers insights for balancing Se enrichment and heavy-metal mitigation in functional agriculture.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
T2 increased 1000-grain weight by 13.79% relative to CK.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.79%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T2 significantly increased the 1000-grain weight by 13.79% compared to CK”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Other treatments showed no significant yield improvement.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- other treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yield improvementse0
- Direction
- no significante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“other treatments showed no significant yield improvements”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
All Se treatments elevated total Se content across plant tissues.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- plant tissuese0
- Treatment
- All Se treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total Se contente0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All Se treatments markedly elevated total Se content across plant tissues”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 produced among the highest grain Se accumulation, about 9–10 fold above CK.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Treatment
- T1e0
- Outcome
- grain Se contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9–10 folde0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T1 and T2 achieving the highest and statistically similar Se accumulation in grains (grain Se content increased about 9–10 fold versus CK)”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 produced among the highest grain Se accumulation, about 9–10 fold above CK.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- grain Se contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9–10 folde0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T1 and T2 achieving the highest and statistically similar Se accumulation in grains (grain Se content increased about 9–10 fold versus CK)”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 had the most efficient Se translocation from spikes to grains and husks.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- spikes to grains and huskse0
- Treatment
- T1e0
- Outcome
- Se translocatione0
- Direction
- most efficiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T1 demonstrated the most efficient Se translocation from spikes to grains and husks”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenomethionine was the predominant organic Se form in grains.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Outcome
- selenomethionine (SeMet) as the predominant forme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“selenomethionine (SeMet) as the predominant form in grains”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 yielded the highest SeMet concentration.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T1e0
- Outcome
- SeMet concentratione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T1 yielding the highest SeMet concentration”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 reduced SeMet content relative to T1.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- SeMet contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- T1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of auxiliaries (T2, T3, T4) significantly reduced SeMet content compared to T1”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 reduced SeMet content relative to T1.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T3e0
- Outcome
- SeMet contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- T1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of auxiliaries (T2, T3, T4) significantly reduced SeMet content compared to T1”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 reduced SeMet content relative to T1.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- SeMet contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- T1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of auxiliaries (T2, T3, T4) significantly reduced SeMet content compared to T1”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Se application enhanced Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe levels.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Se applicatione0
- Outcome
- essential mineral levels (Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Se application enhanced essential mineral levels (Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe)”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Se application reduced As, Cd and Pb levels.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Se applicatione0
- Outcome
- toxic heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb)e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Se application enhanced essential mineral levels (Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe) while reducing toxic heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb)”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 reduced Cd concentration to 0.032 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 0.032 mg/kge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T2 was particularly effective in reducing Cd concentration to 0.032 mg/kg”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend T2 to balance yield, Cd safety and Se biofortification.
- Taxon
- black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- balanced strategy, enhancing yield and Cd safety alongside robust Se biofortificatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its combination with an adjuvant (T2) provides a balanced strategy, enhancing yield and Cd safety alongside robust Se biofortification”
t0“black wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
The same questions in other papers
selenium atom · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
24 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
24 papers more in this group
See all 28 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.