Abstract
ABSTRACT Climate‐induced increases in temperature and water scarcity threaten global soybean production. While the individual effects of drought or heat stress on yield are well documented, their combined impact on specific yield components remains poorly defined. To address this gap, we conducted a two‐year study in Japan using a temperature gradient chamber and a single soybean cultivar. The study applied four temperature gradients under well‐watered and drought stress conditions to examine seed yield and its components. Combined drought and heat stress reduced total yield more than either stress alone. In 2024, average yield under combined stress declined by 19.4% compared to 2023, coinciding with an increase of 1.5 kPa in maximum vapour pressure deficit and 2.5°C in maximum temperature. This yield reduction was primarily attributed to lower seed weight on branches rather than on the main stem. Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses identified the number of nodes per branch as the key yield determinant under stress conditions. We further found that the transition from vegetative growth to beginning bloom was the most stress‐sensitive stage. During this period, maximum temperature and vapour pressure deficit reached 53.3°C and 10.7 kPa, significantly inhibiting node formation on branches and limiting subsequent pod and seed set. These findings advance understanding of how concurrent drought and heat stress constrain soybean yield through specific developmental pathways, and underscore the need to incorporate branch‐level traits into stress‐resilient breeding strategies.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Combined drought and heat stress reduced total soybean yield more than either stress alone.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Combined drought and heat stresse0
- Outcome
- total yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- either stress alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined drought and heat stress reduced total yield more than either stress alone”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Average soybean yield under combined stress declined by 19.4% in 2024 compared with 2023.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- average yielde0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 19.4%e0
- Comparator
- 2023e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2024, average yield under combined stress declined by 19.4% compared to 2023”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum vapour pressure deficit rose by 1.5 kPa in 2024 relative to 2023, coinciding with the yield decline.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- maximum vapour pressure deficite0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 1.5 kPae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2024, average yield under combined stress declined by 19.4% compared to 2023, coinciding with an increase of 1.5 kPa in maximum vapour pressure deficit and 2.5°C in maximum temperature”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum temperature rose by 2.5 degrees C in 2024 relative to 2023, coinciding with the yield decline.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- maximum temperaturee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 2.5°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2024, average yield under combined stress declined by 19.4% compared to 2023, coinciding with an increase of 1.5 kPa in maximum vapour pressure deficit and 2.5°C in maximum temperature”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The soybean yield reduction was primarily due to lower seed weight on branches rather than on the main stem.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- branchese0
- Outcome
- seed weighte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- main steme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This yield reduction was primarily attributed to lower seed weight on branches rather than on the main stem”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Pearson correlation and multiple regression identified the number of nodes per branch as the key yield determinant under stress.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- stress conditionse0
- Outcome
- key yield determinante0
- Qualifier
- number of nodes per branche0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses identified the number of nodes per branch as the key yield determinant under stress conditions”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The transition from vegetative growth to beginning bloom was the most stress-sensitive stage.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- transition from vegetative growth to beginning bloome0
- Outcome
- most stress‐sensitive stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the transition from vegetative growth to beginning bloom was the most stress‐sensitive stage”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
During the sensitive stage maximum temperature reached 53.3 degrees C.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- maximum temperaturee0
- Value
- 53.3°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During this period, maximum temperature and vapour pressure deficit reached 53.3°C and 10.7 kPa”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
During the sensitive stage maximum vapour pressure deficit reached 10.7 kPa.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- vapour pressure deficite0
- Value
- 10.7 kPae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During this period, maximum temperature and vapour pressure deficit reached 53.3°C and 10.7 kPa”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
High maximum temperature and vapour pressure deficit significantly inhibited node formation on branches.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- maximum temperature and vapour pressure deficite0
- Outcome
- node formation on branchese0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum temperature and vapour pressure deficit reached 53.3°C and 10.7 kPa, significantly inhibiting node formation on branches”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
High maximum temperature and vapour pressure deficit limited subsequent pod and seed set.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- maximum temperature and vapour pressure deficite0
- Outcome
- pod and seed sete0
- Direction
- limitinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum temperature and vapour pressure deficit reached 53.3°C and 10.7 kPa, significantly inhibiting node formation on branches and limiting subsequent pod and seed set”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The findings underscore the need to incorporate branch-level traits into stress-resilient soybean breeding strategies.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- branch‐level traitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“underscore the need to incorporate branch‐level traits into stress‐resilient breeding strategies”
t0“Soybean”
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