Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Pine wilt disease, caused by pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus ), is a severe global pine disease. Current controls have limitations: physical methods only slow spread; long‐term use of chemical/bio‐pesticides raises environmental concerns; and effective microbial agents remain difficult to screen. Existing pesticides mostly target PWN directly, with limited consideration of PWN‐associated bacteria's roles. This study innovatively used fermentation products of Hypoxylon fungus sj18 to regulate PWN‐associated bacteria to suppress PWNs. RESULTS Laboratory assays showed that crude fermentation products of Hypoxylon spp. strain sj18 achieved >95% PWN mortality within 6 h. These metabolites induced shifts in PWN‐associated bacterial communities: enriching nematicidal Serratia (20.2‐fold) and Delftia (6.0‐fold) and inhibiting Chryseobacterium (86.3% reduction). Nematicidal activity was abolished in axenic or antibiotic‐pretreated nematodes, confirming dependence on microbial modulation. Serratia nematodiphila Ser‐3 was identified as a critical mediating strain through reconstitution experiments involving axenic nematodes and individual PWN‐associated bacteria. Trunk injection of high‐dose sj18 (0.2 g cm −1 diameter at breast height) achieved 16.6–85.7% PWN population reduction rate across six sites, showing no significant difference from the commercial emamectin benzoate in five sites under field conditions. Bioactivity‐guided fractionation identified 54 constituents, with components A (oligopeptides EQCSCPQ and DLYVMF) and B (maltose) as key effectors. CONCLUSION The fermentation products of Hypoxylon fungus sj18 indirectly control PWN by modulating PWN‐associated bacteria. The mechanism links to the nematicidal activity of bacteria induced by specific oligopeptides and sugars. Field trials demonstrated comparable protective efficacy to conventional nematicides, offering an eco‐friendly biocontrol strategy for pine wilt disease. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal fermentation products achieved over 95% pinewood nematode mortality within six hours in laboratory assays.
- Taxon
- Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Bursaphelenchus xylophiluse1 - Treatment
- crude fermentation products of Hypoxylon spp. strain sj18e0
- Interactor
- Hypoxylon spp. strain sj18e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- PWN mortalitye0
- Value
- >95%e0
- Qualifier
- within 6 he0
- Setting
- Laboratorye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laboratory assays showed that crude fermentation products of Hypoxylon spp. strain sj18 achieved >95% PWN mortality within 6 h.”
e1“pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus )”
Claim · model-written summary
The metabolites enriched nematode-associated Serratia 20.2-fold.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“These metabolites induced shifts in PWN‐associated bacterial communities: enriching nematicidal Serratia (20.2‐fold) and Delftia (6.0‐fold) and inhibiting Chryseobacterium (86.3% reduction).”
Claim · model-written summary
The metabolites enriched nematode-associated Delftia 6.0-fold.
DelftiaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These metabolites induced shifts in PWN‐associated bacterial communities: enriching nematicidal Serratia (20.2‐fold) and Delftia (6.0‐fold) and inhibiting Chryseobacterium (86.3% reduction).”
Claim · model-written summary
The metabolites inhibited Chryseobacterium with an 86.3% reduction.
- Taxon
- Chryseobacterium
Chryseobacteriume0 - Treatment
- metabolitese0
- Outcome
- Chryseobacteriume0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Value
- 86.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These metabolites induced shifts in PWN‐associated bacterial communities: enriching nematicidal Serratia (20.2‐fold) and Delftia (6.0‐fold) and inhibiting Chryseobacterium (86.3% reduction).”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematicidal activity was abolished in axenic nematodes.
- Taxon
- Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophiluse1
- Treatment
- axenice0
- Outcome
- Nematicidal activitye0
- Direction
- abolishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nematicidal activity was abolished in axenic or antibiotic‐pretreated nematodes, confirming dependence on microbial modulation.”
e1“pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematicidal activity was abolished in antibiotic-pretreated nematodes.
- Taxon
- Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophiluse1
- Treatment
- antibiotic‐pretreatede0
- Outcome
- Nematicidal activitye0
- Direction
- abolishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nematicidal activity was abolished in axenic or antibiotic‐pretreated nematodes, confirming dependence on microbial modulation.”
e1“pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus )”
Claim · model-written summary
The loss of nematicidal activity confirms dependence on microbial modulation.
- Taxon
- Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophiluse1
- Outcome
- Nematicidal activitye0
- Qualifier
- dependence on microbial modulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nematicidal activity was abolished in axenic or antibiotic‐pretreated nematodes, confirming dependence on microbial modulation.”
e1“pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Serratia nematodiphila Ser-3 was identified as a critical mediating strain.
- Taxon
- Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophiluse1
- Interactor
- Serratia nematodiphila Ser‐3Serratia nematodiphilae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- critical mediating straine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serratia nematodiphila Ser‐3 was identified as a critical mediating strain through reconstitution experiments involving axenic nematodes and individual PWN‐associated bacteria.”
e1“pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus )”
Claim · model-written summary
High-dose sj18 trunk injection reduced pinewood nematode populations by 16.6–85.7% across six field sites.
- Treatment
- Trunk injection of high‐dose sj18 (0.2 g cm −1 diameter at breast height)e0
- Interactor
- Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophiluse1pathogen
- Outcome
- PWN population reduction ratee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 16.6–85.7%e0
- Qualifier
- across six sitese0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
PinusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trunk injection of high‐dose sj18 (0.2 g cm −1 diameter at breast height) achieved 16.6–85.7% PWN population reduction rate across six sites, showing no significant difference from the commercial emamectin benzoate in five sites under field conditions.”
e1“pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus ), is a severe global pine disease.”
Claim · model-written summary
High-dose sj18 did not differ significantly from commercial emamectin benzoate at five field sites.
- Treatment
- Trunk injection of high‐dose sj18 (0.2 g cm −1 diameter at breast height)e0
- Interactor
- Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophiluse1pathogen
- Outcome
- PWN population reduction ratee0
- Qualifier
- in five sitese0
- Comparator
- commercial emamectin benzoatee0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trunk injection of high‐dose sj18 (0.2 g cm −1 diameter at breast height) achieved 16.6–85.7% PWN population reduction rate across six sites, showing no significant difference from the commercial emamectin benzoate in five sites under field conditions.”
e1“pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus ), is a severe global pine disease.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bioactivity-guided fractionation identified 54 constituents.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Bioactivity‐guided fractionation identified 54 constituents, with components A (oligopeptides EQCSCPQ and DLYVMF) and B (maltose) as key effectors.”
Claim · model-written summary
Oligopeptides EQCSCPQ and DLYVMF were identified as key effectors.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Bioactivity‐guided fractionation identified 54 constituents, with components A (oligopeptides EQCSCPQ and DLYVMF) and B (maltose) as key effectors.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maltose was identified as a key effector.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Bioactivity‐guided fractionation identified 54 constituents, with components A (oligopeptides EQCSCPQ and DLYVMF) and B (maltose) as key effectors.”
Claim · model-written summary
The proposed mechanism involves bacterial nematicidal activity induced by specific oligopeptides and sugars.
Verbatim
e0“The mechanism links to the nematicidal activity of bacteria induced by specific oligopeptides and sugars.”
The same questions in other papers
application · Bursaphelenchus xylophilus · PinusResults agree
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