Bursaphelenchus xylophilus 34 claims

species · family Aphelenchoididae · animal · NCBI Taxonomy ↗

Common name: pine wood nematode — Also written in claims: Pine Wood Nematode · pinewood nematode — NCBI synonyms: Aphelenchoides xylophilus

3 spellings

Bursaphelenchus xylophilusA. Steven Munson, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org · CC BY 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

34 claims

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Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Compound A1 was toxic to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus with an LC50 of 4.3 mg/L, outperforming the commercial nematicide tioxazafen.

Taxon: Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophiluse0
Treatment: Compound A1e0
Outcome: median lethal concentration ( LC 50 )e0
Direction: outperforminge0
Value: 4.3e0
Comparator: tioxazafene0

Verbatim

e0
“Compound A1 displayed remarkable toxicity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , Aphelenchoides besseyi , and Meloidogyne incognita with median lethal concentration ( LC 50 ) values of 4.3, 1.9, and 6.2 mg/L, respectively, outperforming the commercial nematicide tioxazafen”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 505–776

Title

Design, synthesis, nematicidal activity, and preliminary mechanism of thiazole derivatives through the scaffold hopping strategy

Zongnan Zhu; Siyu Lu; Xiuhai Gan; et al. Pest Management Science 2026. doi:10.1002/ps.70644

Other claims from this paper (10)

Intervention effect Compound A1 was toxic to Aphelenchoides besseyi with an LC50 of 1.9 mg/L, outperforming the commercial nematicide tioxazafen.
Intervention effect Compound A1 was toxic to Meloidogyne incognita with an LC50 of 6.2 mg/L, outperforming the commercial nematicide tioxazafen.
Intervention effect Compound A1 inhibited nematode egg hatching.
Intervention effect Compound A1 induced excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species in nematodes.
Intervention effect Compound A1 caused vacuolization in nematode tissues.
Intervention effect In pot experiments, compound A1 reduced nematode invasion of tomato plants.
Intervention effect In pot experiments, compound A1 enhanced the root defense response of tomato plants.
Intervention effect Compound A1 significantly inhibited succinate dehydrogenase activity in Meloidogyne incognita.
Mechanism The authors suggest that interference with mitochondrial energy metabolism may contribute to the nematicidal effect of compound A1 in M. incognita.
Recommendation Thiazole-based compound A1 can serve as a lead compound from which new nematicides can be discovered through structural optimization.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Both gold nanomaterials induced B. xylophilus immobilization in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in vitro.

Taxon: Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophilust0
Treatment: both nanomaterialse0
Outcome: nematode immobilizatione0
Direction: inducede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“both nanomaterials induced nematode immobilization in a concentration- and time-dependent manner”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 867–963

t0
“Bursaphelenchus xylophilus”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 122–148

Title

Physicochemically distinct gold nanomaterials suppress pine wilt disease through divergent nematicidal mechanisms against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Nabi Noor Ul Ghani; Qiannan Liu; Jie Qi; et al. Plant Nano Biology 2026. doi:10.1016/j.plana.2026.100286

Other claims from this paper (12)

Intervention effect 0.5 mg/L His-AuNCs caused about 70% nematode immobility after 48 hours.
Intervention effect 0.5 mg/L PEI-AuNPs caused over 75% nematode immobility after 48 hours.
Intervention effect In feeding-based assays both gold nanomaterials suppressed nematode population expansion.
Observation Both nanoparticles were internalized by B. xylophilus and accumulated in internal tissues, particularly the anterior and intestinal regions.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L delayed symptom onset in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L reduced disease severity in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L preserved vascular integrity in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect His-AuNCs downregulated genes related to cuticle formation and metabolism in the nematode.
Intervention effect PEI-AuNPs induced a focused stress response in the nematode, primarily upregulating heat shock proteins.
Intervention effect Both gold nanomaterials showed minimal acute toxicity in zebrafish assays.
Method / resource Green synthesis of His-AuNCs yielded monodisperse particles of 1.36 ± 0.05 nm with a zeta potential of -19.2 ± 0.3 mV.
Method / resource PEI-AuNPs were uniform spherical particles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 11.18 ± 0.9 nm.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

0.5 mg/L His-AuNCs caused about 70% nematode immobility after 48 hours.

Taxon: Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophilust0
Treatment: 0.5 mg/L His-AuNCse1
Outcome: immobilitye1
Direction: causinge1
Value: ~70%e1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“0.5 mg/L His-AuNCs causing ~70% immobility”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 970–1012

t0
“Bursaphelenchus xylophilus”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 122–148

Title

Physicochemically distinct gold nanomaterials suppress pine wilt disease through divergent nematicidal mechanisms against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Nabi Noor Ul Ghani; Qiannan Liu; Jie Qi; et al. Plant Nano Biology 2026. doi:10.1016/j.plana.2026.100286

Other claims from this paper (12)

Intervention effect Both gold nanomaterials induced B. xylophilus immobilization in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in vitro.
Intervention effect 0.5 mg/L PEI-AuNPs caused over 75% nematode immobility after 48 hours.
Intervention effect In feeding-based assays both gold nanomaterials suppressed nematode population expansion.
Observation Both nanoparticles were internalized by B. xylophilus and accumulated in internal tissues, particularly the anterior and intestinal regions.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L delayed symptom onset in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L reduced disease severity in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L preserved vascular integrity in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect His-AuNCs downregulated genes related to cuticle formation and metabolism in the nematode.
Intervention effect PEI-AuNPs induced a focused stress response in the nematode, primarily upregulating heat shock proteins.
Intervention effect Both gold nanomaterials showed minimal acute toxicity in zebrafish assays.
Method / resource Green synthesis of His-AuNCs yielded monodisperse particles of 1.36 ± 0.05 nm with a zeta potential of -19.2 ± 0.3 mV.
Method / resource PEI-AuNPs were uniform spherical particles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 11.18 ± 0.9 nm.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

0.5 mg/L PEI-AuNPs caused over 75% nematode immobility after 48 hours.

Taxon: Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophilust0
Treatment: 0.5 mg/L PEI-AuNPse2
Outcome: immobilitye2
Direction: causinge2
Value: over 75%e2

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e2
“0.5 mg/L PEI-AuNPs causing over 75% immobility after 48 hours”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1017–1078

t0
“Bursaphelenchus xylophilus”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 122–148

Title

Physicochemically distinct gold nanomaterials suppress pine wilt disease through divergent nematicidal mechanisms against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Nabi Noor Ul Ghani; Qiannan Liu; Jie Qi; et al. Plant Nano Biology 2026. doi:10.1016/j.plana.2026.100286

Other claims from this paper (12)

Intervention effect Both gold nanomaterials induced B. xylophilus immobilization in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in vitro.
Intervention effect 0.5 mg/L His-AuNCs caused about 70% nematode immobility after 48 hours.
Intervention effect In feeding-based assays both gold nanomaterials suppressed nematode population expansion.
Observation Both nanoparticles were internalized by B. xylophilus and accumulated in internal tissues, particularly the anterior and intestinal regions.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L delayed symptom onset in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L reduced disease severity in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L preserved vascular integrity in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect His-AuNCs downregulated genes related to cuticle formation and metabolism in the nematode.
Intervention effect PEI-AuNPs induced a focused stress response in the nematode, primarily upregulating heat shock proteins.
Intervention effect Both gold nanomaterials showed minimal acute toxicity in zebrafish assays.
Method / resource Green synthesis of His-AuNCs yielded monodisperse particles of 1.36 ± 0.05 nm with a zeta potential of -19.2 ± 0.3 mV.
Method / resource PEI-AuNPs were uniform spherical particles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 11.18 ± 0.9 nm.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In feeding-based assays both gold nanomaterials suppressed nematode population expansion.

Taxon: Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophilust0
Treatment: both materialse3
Outcome: nematode population expansione3
Direction: suppressede3
Setting: feeding-based assayse3

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e3
“In feeding-based assays, both materials suppressed nematode population expansion”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1080–1160

t0
“Bursaphelenchus xylophilus”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 122–148

Title

Physicochemically distinct gold nanomaterials suppress pine wilt disease through divergent nematicidal mechanisms against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Nabi Noor Ul Ghani; Qiannan Liu; Jie Qi; et al. Plant Nano Biology 2026. doi:10.1016/j.plana.2026.100286

Other claims from this paper (12)

Intervention effect Both gold nanomaterials induced B. xylophilus immobilization in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in vitro.
Intervention effect 0.5 mg/L His-AuNCs caused about 70% nematode immobility after 48 hours.
Intervention effect 0.5 mg/L PEI-AuNPs caused over 75% nematode immobility after 48 hours.
Observation Both nanoparticles were internalized by B. xylophilus and accumulated in internal tissues, particularly the anterior and intestinal regions.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L delayed symptom onset in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L reduced disease severity in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L preserved vascular integrity in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect His-AuNCs downregulated genes related to cuticle formation and metabolism in the nematode.
Intervention effect PEI-AuNPs induced a focused stress response in the nematode, primarily upregulating heat shock proteins.
Intervention effect Both gold nanomaterials showed minimal acute toxicity in zebrafish assays.
Method / resource Green synthesis of His-AuNCs yielded monodisperse particles of 1.36 ± 0.05 nm with a zeta potential of -19.2 ± 0.3 mV.
Method / resource PEI-AuNPs were uniform spherical particles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 11.18 ± 0.9 nm.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

His-AuNCs downregulated genes related to cuticle formation and metabolism in the nematode.

Taxon: Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophilust0
Treatment: His-AuNCse6
Outcome: genes related to cuticle formation and metabolisme6
Direction: downregulatede6

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e6
“His-AuNCs downregulated genes related to cuticle formation and metabolism”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1574–1647

t0
“Bursaphelenchus xylophilus”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 122–148

Title

Physicochemically distinct gold nanomaterials suppress pine wilt disease through divergent nematicidal mechanisms against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Nabi Noor Ul Ghani; Qiannan Liu; Jie Qi; et al. Plant Nano Biology 2026. doi:10.1016/j.plana.2026.100286

Other claims from this paper (12)

Intervention effect Both gold nanomaterials induced B. xylophilus immobilization in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in vitro.
Intervention effect 0.5 mg/L His-AuNCs caused about 70% nematode immobility after 48 hours.
Intervention effect 0.5 mg/L PEI-AuNPs caused over 75% nematode immobility after 48 hours.
Intervention effect In feeding-based assays both gold nanomaterials suppressed nematode population expansion.
Observation Both nanoparticles were internalized by B. xylophilus and accumulated in internal tissues, particularly the anterior and intestinal regions.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L delayed symptom onset in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L reduced disease severity in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L preserved vascular integrity in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect PEI-AuNPs induced a focused stress response in the nematode, primarily upregulating heat shock proteins.
Intervention effect Both gold nanomaterials showed minimal acute toxicity in zebrafish assays.
Method / resource Green synthesis of His-AuNCs yielded monodisperse particles of 1.36 ± 0.05 nm with a zeta potential of -19.2 ± 0.3 mV.
Method / resource PEI-AuNPs were uniform spherical particles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 11.18 ± 0.9 nm.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

PEI-AuNPs induced a focused stress response in the nematode, primarily upregulating heat shock proteins.

Taxon: Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophilust0
Treatment: PEI-AuNPse7
Outcome: heat shock proteinse7
Direction: upregulatinge7

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e7
“PEI-AuNPs induced a focused stress response, primarily upregulating heat shock proteins”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1657–1744

t0
“Bursaphelenchus xylophilus”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 122–148

Title

Physicochemically distinct gold nanomaterials suppress pine wilt disease through divergent nematicidal mechanisms against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Nabi Noor Ul Ghani; Qiannan Liu; Jie Qi; et al. Plant Nano Biology 2026. doi:10.1016/j.plana.2026.100286

Other claims from this paper (12)

Intervention effect Both gold nanomaterials induced B. xylophilus immobilization in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in vitro.
Intervention effect 0.5 mg/L His-AuNCs caused about 70% nematode immobility after 48 hours.
Intervention effect 0.5 mg/L PEI-AuNPs caused over 75% nematode immobility after 48 hours.
Intervention effect In feeding-based assays both gold nanomaterials suppressed nematode population expansion.
Observation Both nanoparticles were internalized by B. xylophilus and accumulated in internal tissues, particularly the anterior and intestinal regions.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L delayed symptom onset in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L reduced disease severity in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect Stem injection of either nanomaterial at 0.05 mg/L preserved vascular integrity in pine seedlings.
Intervention effect His-AuNCs downregulated genes related to cuticle formation and metabolism in the nematode.
Intervention effect Both gold nanomaterials showed minimal acute toxicity in zebrafish assays.
Method / resource Green synthesis of His-AuNCs yielded monodisperse particles of 1.36 ± 0.05 nm with a zeta potential of -19.2 ± 0.3 mV.
Method / resource PEI-AuNPs were uniform spherical particles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 11.18 ± 0.9 nm.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Approximately 11.7% of inoculated nematodes migrated in branch bark by 12 hours.

Taxon: Pine Wood NematodeBursaphelenchus xylophilust0
Outcome: migratione0
Direction: Optimale0
Value: approximately 11.7%e0
Qualifier: by 12 hpie0

Verbatim

e0
“Optimal migration occurred in the bark of 2-year-old branches, reaching 15 cm (upward)/18 cm (downward) with approximately 11.7% of the inoculated nematodes by 12 hpi.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 615–782

t0
“Pine Wood Nematode”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 31–49

Title

Early Invasion Dynamics of the Pine Wood Nematode in Pinus massoniana : Effects of Stem Type and Wound Type

Jinyan Liu; Songqing Wu; Mengxia Liu; et al. Phytopathology 2026. doi:10.1094/phyto-08-25-0284-r

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Xylene suppressed the growth, reproduction and behavior of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus at certain concentrations.

Taxon: Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophiluse1
Interactor: Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophiluse1pathogen
Outcome: growth, reproduction, and behaviore1
Direction: suppressese1

Not reportedTreatmentComparator

Verbatim

e1
“it effectively suppresses the growth, reproduction, and behavior of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus at certain concentrations”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 688–808

Title

The role of xylene as a nematicide formulation and its synergistic effects with abamectin in the management of pine wood nematodes

Min-Kyoung Kang; Hyeon-Ji Kim; Jong-Hoon Kim Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2025. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.117965

Other claims from this paper (3)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Fungal fermentation products achieved over 95% pinewood nematode mortality within six hours in laboratory assays.

Taxon: Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophiluse1
Treatment: crude fermentation products of Hypoxylon spp. strain sj18e0
Interactor: Hypoxylon spp. strain sj18e0biocontrol_agent
Outcome: PWN mortalitye0
Value: >95%e0
Qualifier: within 6 he0
Setting: Laboratorye0

Not reportedComparatorDirection

Verbatim

e0
“Laboratory assays showed that crude fermentation products of Hypoxylon spp. strain sj18 achieved >95% PWN mortality within 6 h.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 586–713

e1
“pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus )”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 49–101

Title

Indirect biocontrol of pinewood nematode via fungal metabolites modulating nematode‐associated bacterial ecology

Quanying Qi; Huazheng Peng; Hualin Ye; et al. Pest Management Science 2025. doi:10.1002/ps.70386

Other claims from this paper (13)

Intervention effect The metabolites enriched nematode-associated Serratia 20.2-fold.
Intervention effect The metabolites enriched nematode-associated Delftia 6.0-fold.
Intervention effect The metabolites inhibited Chryseobacterium with an 86.3% reduction.
Intervention effect Nematicidal activity was abolished in axenic nematodes.
Intervention effect Nematicidal activity was abolished in antibiotic-pretreated nematodes.
Mechanism The loss of nematicidal activity confirms dependence on microbial modulation.
Mechanism Serratia nematodiphila Ser-3 was identified as a critical mediating strain.
Intervention effect High-dose sj18 trunk injection reduced pinewood nematode populations by 16.6–85.7% across six field sites.
Intervention effect High-dose sj18 did not differ significantly from commercial emamectin benzoate at five field sites.
Observation Bioactivity-guided fractionation identified 54 constituents.
Mechanism Oligopeptides EQCSCPQ and DLYVMF were identified as key effectors.
Mechanism Maltose was identified as a key effector.
Mechanism The proposed mechanism involves bacterial nematicidal activity induced by specific oligopeptides and sugars.