Abstract
Submergence stress is a major abiotic factor that reduces the seedling establishment of rice. Gibberellic acid (GA) acts as a signal regulating anaerobic tolerance in rice, while seed priming is a pre-sowing treatment widely used to improve stress tolerance. However, whether and how GA seed priming affects rice seedling establishment under submergence stress remains unknown. In the present study, seeds of Oryza sativa L. cv. Xiangzaoxian45 were subjected to three treatments: no priming (NP), hydro-priming with distilled water (HP), and GA₃ priming (0.1 mM GA₃; GAP). Subsequent germination test was conducted under submergence (5 cm of water) in growth chambers (25 °C, 12-h photoperiod). Seedling establishment attributes, α-amylase activity, soluble sugar content, respiration rate, ATP content, respiratory enzyme activities, hormone levels, and gene expression in starch degradation, energy metabolism, and hormone biosynthesis pathways were measured. Results showed that GAP significantly promoted seed germination and seedling growth under submergence compared to NP and HP treatments. This improvement was attributed to higher GA₃ levels in rice seeds, resulting from both exogenous application during priming and the upregulation of GA biosynthesis genes (OsGA3ox1 and OsGA20ox1). Elevated GA₃ subsequently induced the expression of GA-responsive α-amylase genes (OsRamy1A, OsRamy3B, and OsRamy3E), thereby enhancing starch degradation, as evidenced by significantly increased α-amylase activity and total soluble sugar content. Furthermore, GAP enhanced the energy status of rice seedlings under submergence by increasing the oxygen consumption rate and ATP content and improved anaerobic respiration by elevating lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and up-regulating OsLDH expression. However, GAP and HP did not differ significantly in regulating aerobic and anaerobic respiration under submergence. Moreover, principal component analysis, correlation analysis, and hierarchical partitioning analysis suggested a higher contribution of starch degradation than energy metabolism to seedling establishment under submergence stress. In summary, these findings indicate that GA priming enhances rice seedling establishment under submergence, and this improvement is predominantly attributed to GA-activated starch degradation.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 priming promoted rice seed germination and seedling growth versus no priming and hydro-priming under submergence.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- GAPe0
- Outcome
- seed germination and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- under submergencee0
- Comparator
- NP and HP treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GAP significantly promoted seed germination and seedling growth under submergence compared to NP and HP treatments”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 priming raised GA3 levels in rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- exogenous application during priminge0
- Outcome
- GA₃ levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher GA₃ levels in rice seeds, resulting from both exogenous application during priming”
Claim · model-written summary
GA biosynthesis genes OsGA3ox1 and OsGA20ox1 were upregulated.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Gibberellic Acid Seed Primingt1
- Gene
- OsGA3ox1 and OsGA20ox1e0
- Outcome
- GA biosynthesis genese0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulation of GA biosynthesis genes (OsGA3ox1 and OsGA20ox1)”
t0“Rice”
t1“Gibberellic Acid Seed Priming”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated GA3 induced expression of OsRamy1A, OsRamy3B and OsRamy3E.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- OsRamy1A, OsRamy3B, and OsRamy3Ee0
- Compound
- GA₃e0
- Outcome
- expression of GA-responsive α-amylase genese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated GA₃ subsequently induced the expression of GA-responsive α-amylase genes (OsRamy1A, OsRamy3B, and OsRamy3E)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GA priming significantly increased α-amylase activity and soluble sugar content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Gibberellic Acid Seed Primingt1
- Outcome
- α-amylase activity and total soluble sugar contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly increased α-amylase activity and total soluble sugar content”
t0“Rice”
t1“Gibberellic Acid Seed Priming”
Claim · model-written summary
GA priming increased oxygen consumption rate and ATP content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- GAPe0
- Outcome
- oxygen consumption rate and ATP contente0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- under submergencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GAP enhanced the energy status of rice seedlings under submergence by increasing the oxygen consumption rate and ATP content”
Claim · model-written summary
GA priming elevated LDH activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Gibberellic Acid Seed Primingt1
- Outcome
- lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activitye0
- Direction
- elevatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved anaerobic respiration by elevating lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity”
t0“Rice”
t1“Gibberellic Acid Seed Priming”
Claim · model-written summary
GA priming upregulated OsLDH expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Gibberellic Acid Seed Primingt1
- Gene
- OsLDHe0
- Outcome
- OsLDH expressione0
- Direction
- up-regulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“up-regulating OsLDH expression”
t0“Rice”
t1“Gibberellic Acid Seed Priming”
Claim · model-written summary
GA priming and hydro-priming did not differ significantly in respiration regulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GAPe0
- Outcome
- aerobic and anaerobic respiratione0
- Direction
- did not differe0
- Comparator
- HPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GAP and HP did not differ significantly in regulating aerobic and anaerobic respiration under submergence”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch degradation contributed more than energy metabolism to seedling establishment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- seedling establishmente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- starch degradatione0
- Comparator
- energy metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher contribution of starch degradation than energy metabolism to seedling establishment under submergence stress”
t0“Rice”
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