Abstract
The decision to flower in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is controlled by the photoperiod imposed by the outside environment along with endogenous gibberellin levels. Small peptides have broad and critical functions throughout the plant life cycle, but whether and how small peptides are involved in photoperiod- and gibberellin-dependent regulation of flowering remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a GIBBERELLIC ACID-STIMULATED TRANSCRIPT (GAST) peptide family member, CmGAST1, promotes flowering in chrysanthemum by interacting with SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 9 (SPL9), a key regulator of flowering in the age-dependent pathway. CmGAST1 expression was induced under short-day photoperiods and by gibberellin treatment. In addition, we show that a negative regulator of GA signaling GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE (GAI) interacts with CALMODULIN 7 (CAM7), a key factor in calcium signaling, and the resulting CmCAM7-GAI complex directly suppresses CmGAST1 expression. Notably, short-day photoperiods induce the accumulation of bioactive gibberellins and Ca2+ in the shoot apex, thereby inhibiting CmGAI and CmCAM7, respectively, and releasing their inhibition of CmGAST1 expression. We propose that the peptide CmGAST1 integrates gibberellin and calcium signals, coordinating the photoperiod and aging pathways to accelerate chrysanthemum maturation and flowering.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
CmGAST1 promotes chrysanthemum flowering through interaction with SPL9.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemum
.jpeg?width=60)
Chrysanthemume0 - Gene
- CmGAST1e0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Qualifier
- interacting with SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 9 (SPL9)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“CmGAST1, promotes flowering in chrysanthemum by interacting with SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 9 (SPL9)”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-day photoperiods induced CmGAST1 expression.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- short-day photoperiodse0
- Gene
- CmGAST1e0
- Outcome
- CmGAST1 expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CmGAST1 expression was induced under short-day photoperiods”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellin treatment induced CmGAST1 expression.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- gibberellin treatmente0
- Gene
- CmGAST1e0
- Outcome
- CmGAST1 expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CmGAST1 expression was induced under short-day photoperiods and by gibberellin treatment”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
GAI interacts with CAM7.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Gene
- GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE (GAI)e0
- Outcome
- interacts with CALMODULIN 7 (CAM7)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE (GAI) interacts with CALMODULIN 7 (CAM7)”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
The CmCAM7-GAI complex suppresses CmGAST1 expression.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Gene
- CmGAST1e0
- Outcome
- CmGAST1 expressione0
- Qualifier
- CmCAM7-GAI complex directly suppressese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CmCAM7-GAI complex directly suppresses CmGAST1 expression”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Short days induce bioactive gibberellin accumulation in the shoot apex.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Organ / stage
- shoot apexe0
- Treatment
- short-day photoperiodse0
- Outcome
- accumulation of bioactive gibberellinse0
- Direction
- inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“short-day photoperiods induce the accumulation of bioactive gibberellins and Ca2+ in the shoot apex”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Short days induce Ca2+ accumulation in the shoot apex.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Organ / stage
- shoot apexe0
- Treatment
- short-day photoperiodse0
- Outcome
- accumulation of bioactive gibberellins and Ca2+e0
- Direction
- inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“short-day photoperiods induce the accumulation of bioactive gibberellins and Ca2+ in the shoot apex”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-day-induced signals inhibit CmGAI and CmCAM7, releasing suppression of CmGAST1.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Gene
- CmGAST1e0
- Outcome
- CmGAST1 expressione0
- Qualifier
- inhibiting CmGAI and CmCAM7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thereby inhibiting CmGAI and CmCAM7, respectively, and releasing their inhibition of CmGAST1 expression”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose CmGAST1 integration of gibberellin and calcium signals accelerates chrysanthemum maturation and flowering.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Gene
- CmGAST1e0
- Outcome
- chrysanthemum maturation and floweringe0
- Qualifier
- integrates gibberellin and calcium signalse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the peptide CmGAST1 integrates gibberellin and calcium signals, coordinating the photoperiod and aging pathways to accelerate chrysanthemum maturation and flowering”
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.