Abstract
1. Expriments were conducted with 17 varieties of fall-flowering chrysanthemum on their sensitivity to photoperiod and temperature in 1952. They were grown in the two localities (Nagano, 360m and Osamura, 850m above the sea-level) having different temperature conditions, and under short day of 10 hours for 20 or 30 days, or under natural day-length.2. Three out of 19 varieties tested, Tatsunami, Shinanogawa and Hakuba, differentiated flower bud at the same time irrespective of photoperiod. Another 14 varieties differentiated flower bud when day length had been reduced to 14.5 hours. Time of flower bud differentiation in Shintoa, Pinktoa, Shingetsuyu and Minori, was somewhat earlier than that of the other varieties.3. Development of flower bud in the three varieties, Tatsunami, Shinaogawa, and Hakuba, was not affected by photoperiod, but only by temperature ; temperature the cooler, flowering the later.In another 14 varieties, development of flower bud was affected by photoperiod and temperature. Flower bud developed when daylength had been reduced to 13.5 hours. In the four varieties, Shintoa, Pinktoa, Shingetsuyu and Minori, bud development was not retarded by higher temperature, while in other ten varieties, Okayamaheiwa, Ruster, H. Koido, Shirasagi, Murakumo, Tamaorihime, Kuninohikari, Benishio, Beniaki and Hatsugasumi, it was retarded by higher temperature even under short day condition.4. In 20 days' treatment of shading (10 hours photoperiod), there appeared many crown bud resulting from imperfect flower bud development. No variety formed perfect flower by such a short treatment. In 30 days' treatment, stages of flower bud development affected the appearence of crown bud, which was influenced by both factors.5. Earliness of flowering was determined only by the temperature conditions in the varieties of temperature sensitive type. With the varieties, which were sensitive to both temperature and photoperiod, earliness of flowering was determined by the length of time from bud differentiation to flowering. In practical shade culture it should be recommended to use the varieties which need relatively short period from the start of treatment to flowering.6. Chrysanthemum varieties tested were classified in the following groups in relation to their responses to temperature and photoperiod.a. Flowering was influenced only by temperature: Tatsunami, Shinanogawa, Hakuba.b. Flowering was influenced mainly by daylength (flower bud differentiated when daylength had been reduced to 14.5 hours, flower bud developed when daylength had been reduced to 13.5 hours).i. Flowering was forced by rather higher temperature; Shintoa, Pinktoa, Minori, Shingetsuyu.ii. Flowering was retarded by higher temperature: Okayamaheiwa, Ruster, H. Koido, Shirasagi, Murakumo, Hatsugasumi, Tamaorihime, Kuninohikari, Benishio, Beniaki.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Tatsunami differentiated flower buds at the same time irrespective of photoperiod.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemum
.jpeg?width=60)
Chrysanthemumt0 - Material
- Tatsunamie0
- Treatment
- photoperiode0
- Outcome
- differentiated flower bude0
- Direction
- at the same timee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Three out of 19 varieties tested, Tatsunami, Shinanogawa and Hakuba, differentiated flower bud at the same time irrespective of photoperiod.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Shinanogawa differentiated flower buds at the same time irrespective of photoperiod.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- Shinanogawae0
- Treatment
- photoperiode0
- Outcome
- differentiated flower bude0
- Direction
- at the same timee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three out of 19 varieties tested, Tatsunami, Shinanogawa and Hakuba, differentiated flower bud at the same time irrespective of photoperiod.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Hakuba differentiated flower buds at the same time irrespective of photoperiod.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- Hakubae0
- Treatment
- photoperiode0
- Outcome
- differentiated flower bude0
- Direction
- at the same timee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three out of 19 varieties tested, Tatsunami, Shinanogawa and Hakuba, differentiated flower bud at the same time irrespective of photoperiod.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
The other 14 varieties differentiated flower buds when day length reached 14.5 hours.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Outcome
- differentiated flower bude0
- Qualifier
- when day length had been reduced to 14.5 hourse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Another 14 varieties differentiated flower bud when day length had been reduced to 14.5 hours.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Shintoa flower bud differentiation was somewhat earlier than in other varieties.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- Shintoae0
- Outcome
- Time of flower bud differentiatione0
- Direction
- somewhat earliere0
- Comparator
- other varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Time of flower bud differentiation in Shintoa, Pinktoa, Shingetsuyu and Minori, was somewhat earlier than that of the other varieties.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Pinktoa flower bud differentiation was somewhat earlier than in other varieties.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- Pinktoae0
- Outcome
- Time of flower bud differentiatione0
- Direction
- somewhat earliere0
- Comparator
- other varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Time of flower bud differentiation in Shintoa, Pinktoa, Shingetsuyu and Minori, was somewhat earlier than that of the other varieties.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Shingetsuyu flower bud differentiation was somewhat earlier than in other varieties.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- Shingetsuyue0
- Outcome
- Time of flower bud differentiatione0
- Direction
- somewhat earliere0
- Comparator
- other varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Time of flower bud differentiation in Shintoa, Pinktoa, Shingetsuyu and Minori, was somewhat earlier than that of the other varieties.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Minori flower bud differentiation was somewhat earlier than in other varieties.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- Minorie0
- Outcome
- Time of flower bud differentiatione0
- Direction
- somewhat earliere0
- Comparator
- other varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Time of flower bud differentiation in Shintoa, Pinktoa, Shingetsuyu and Minori, was somewhat earlier than that of the other varieties.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
In Tatsunami, Shinaogawa and Hakuba, bud development was unaffected by photoperiod, and cooler temperature delayed flowering.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- photoperiode0
- Outcome
- Development of flower bude0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- temperature the cooler, flowering the latere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Development of flower bud in the three varieties, Tatsunami, Shinaogawa, and Hakuba, was not affected by photoperiod, but only by temperature ; temperature the cooler, flowering the later.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
The other 14 varieties developed flower buds when daylength reached 13.5 hours, with development affected by temperature and photoperiod.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Outcome
- Flower bud developede0
- Qualifier
- when daylength had been reduced to 13.5 hourse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In another 14 varieties, development of flower bud was affected by photoperiod and temperature. Flower bud developed when daylength had been reduced to 13.5 hours.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature did not retard bud development in Shintoa, Pinktoa, Shingetsuyu and Minori.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- Shintoa, Pinktoa, Shingetsuyu and Minorie0
- Treatment
- higher temperaturee0
- Outcome
- bud developmente0
- Direction
- not retardede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the four varieties, Shintoa, Pinktoa, Shingetsuyu and Minori, bud development was not retarded by higher temperature”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature retarded bud development in the other ten named varieties even under short days.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- Okayamaheiwa, Ruster, H. Koido, Shirasagi, Murakumo, Tamaorihime, Kuninohikari, Benishio, Beniaki and Hatsugasumie0
- Treatment
- higher temperaturee0
- Outcome
- retardede0
- Direction
- retardede0
- Qualifier
- even under short day conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while in other ten varieties, Okayamaheiwa, Ruster, H. Koido, Shirasagi, Murakumo, Tamaorihime, Kuninohikari, Benishio, Beniaki and Hatsugasumi, it was retarded by higher temperature even under short day condition.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty days of 10-hour shading produced many crown buds from imperfect flower bud development.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- 20 days' treatment of shading (10 hours photoperiod)e0
- Outcome
- many crown bude0
- Qualifier
- imperfect flower bud developmente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 20 days' treatment of shading (10 hours photoperiod), there appeared many crown bud resulting from imperfect flower bud development.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
No variety formed a perfect flower under the 20-day shading treatment.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Outcome
- No variety formed perfect flowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No variety formed perfect flower by such a short treatment.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
In the 30-day treatment, bud developmental stages affected crown bud appearance, which was influenced by both temperature and photoperiod.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Outcome
- appearence of crown bude0
- Qualifier
- In 30 days' treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 30 days' treatment, stages of flower bud development affected the appearence of crown bud, which was influenced by both factors.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature conditions alone determined flowering earliness in temperature-sensitive varieties.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Outcome
- Earliness of floweringe0
- Qualifier
- only by the temperature conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Earliness of flowering was determined only by the temperature conditions in the varieties of temperature sensitive type.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
In varieties sensitive to both factors, flowering earliness depended on time from bud differentiation to flowering.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Outcome
- earliness of floweringe0
- Qualifier
- length of time from bud differentiation to floweringe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the varieties, which were sensitive to both temperature and photoperiod, earliness of flowering was determined by the length of time from bud differentiation to flowering.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
For shade culture the authors recommend varieties with relatively short time from treatment onset to flowering.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Outcome
- use the varieties which need relatively short period from the start of treatment to floweringe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In practical shade culture it should be recommended to use the varieties which need relatively short period from the start of treatment to flowering.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Rather higher temperature forced flowering in Shintoa, Pinktoa, Minori and Shingetsuyu.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- Shintoa, Pinktoa, Minori, Shingetsuyue0
- Treatment
- rather higher temperaturee0
- Outcome
- Floweringe0
- Direction
- forcede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flowering was forced by rather higher temperature; Shintoa, Pinktoa, Minori, Shingetsuyu.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature retarded flowering in the ten named varieties.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- Okayamaheiwa, Ruster, H. Koido, Shirasagi, Murakumo, Hatsugasumi, Tamaorihime, Kuninohikari, Benishio, Beniakie0
- Treatment
- higher temperaturee0
- Outcome
- Floweringe0
- Direction
- retardede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flowering was retarded by higher temperature: Okayamaheiwa, Ruster, H. Koido, Shirasagi, Murakumo, Hatsugasumi, Tamaorihime, Kuninohikari, Benishio, Beniaki.”
t0“chrysanthemum”
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