Abstract
Fusarium diseases threaten global food security through crop losses and toxin contamination, exacerbated by fungicide resistance and climate change. Here we demonstrate that magnetite (iron oxide) nanoparticles provide size-dependent protection against Fusarium graminearum in rice through dual antifungal and immunity mechanisms. Using antifungal assays, root iron layer analysis, and pathogen challenges under controlled and soil-based conditions, we evaluated 5 and 10 nanometer magnetite nanoparticles. Results reveal pronounced size-dependent activity, with 5 nanometer particles achieving 67.4% fungal inhibition in vitro versus 44.6% for 10 nanometer particles. In agricultural trials, 5 nanometer nanoparticles at 1.0 milligrams per liter reduced disease area by 82.7%, outperforming 10 nanometer particles (67.5%) and ionic iron (43.8%). The nanoparticles enhanced protective iron layers on roots and activated plant defense, increasing defense hormones 2.8–3.5-fold. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of plant immunity and antimicrobial compound pathways. Size-engineered magnetite nanoparticles offer promising sustainable alternatives to conventional fungicides. Custom-designed magnetite nanoparticles effectively reduce fungal growth and stimulate plant defense strategy against Fusarium graminearum in rice through dual antifungal and immunity mechanisms.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Five nanometer particles inhibited fungal growth 67.4% in vitro versus 44.6% for ten nanometer particles.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- 5 nanometer particlese0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearumt0pathogen - Outcome
- fungal inhibitione0
- Direction
- achievinge0
- Value
- 67.4%e0
- Qualifier
- 44.6%e0
- Comparator
- 10 nanometer particlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“5 nanometer particles achieving 67.4% fungal inhibition in vitro versus 44.6% for 10 nanometer particles”
t0“rice from Fusarium graminearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Five nanometer nanoparticles at 1.0 milligrams per liter reduced rice disease area by 82.7%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat1
- Treatment
- 5 nanometer nanoparticles at 1.0 milligrams per litere0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 82.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 67.5%e0
- Comparator
- 10 nanometer particlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“5 nanometer nanoparticles at 1.0 milligrams per liter reduced disease area by 82.7%, outperforming 10 nanometer particles (67.5%) and ionic iron (43.8%)”
t0“Fusarium graminearum via direct antifungal activity and immune activation”
t1“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten nanometer nanoparticles reduced rice disease area by 67.5%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 10 nanometer particlese0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease areat1
- Direction
- reducedt1
- Value
- 67.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“10 nanometer particles (67.5%) and ionic iron (43.8%)”
t0“rice from Fusarium graminearum”
t1“reduced disease area”
Claim · model-written summary
Ionic iron reduced rice disease area by 43.8%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ionic irone0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease areat1
- Direction
- reducedt1
- Value
- 43.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ionic iron (43.8%)”
t0“rice from Fusarium graminearum”
t1“reduced disease area”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles enhanced protective iron layers on rice roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- protective iron layers on rootse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nanoparticles enhanced protective iron layers on roots”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles increased rice defense hormones 2.8–3.5-fold.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- nanoparticlest1
- Outcome
- defense hormonese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 2.8–3.5-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activated plant defense, increasing defense hormones 2.8–3.5-fold”
t0“rice”
t1“The nanoparticles enhanced protective iron layers”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles upregulated plant immunity and antimicrobial compound pathways.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- nanoparticlest1
- Outcome
- plant immunity and antimicrobial compound pathwayse0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of plant immunity and antimicrobial compound pathways”
t0“rice”
t1“The nanoparticles enhanced protective iron layers”
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