Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Calcareous soil, which covers large areas of Syria and other arid regions, is characterized by high pH, elevated calcium carbonate content, and low availability of essential nutrients, posing significant constraints to vegetable production. Although integrated nutrient management combining mineral, organic, and biofertilizers has shown promise in improving crop performance, field-based evidence from calcareous soil in Syria remains limited. This study aimed to identify the most efficient fertilization strategy for cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis ) in calcareous soil. We hypothesized that a balanced mixture of mineral, organic, and biofertilizers would enhance nutrient availability and crop performance more effectively than single-fertilizer applications. For this, a field experiment was conducted during the 2024–2025 growing season (October–February) at the Shabaa Research Station using a randomized complete block design with 13 fertilization treatments and three replicates. At the end of the experimental period, soil and plant macronutrients and cauliflower growth parameters were measured. Results demonstrated that the treatment combining 50% mineral fertilizer, 25% fermented cow manure, and 25% biofertilizer significantly ( p <0.05) enhanced the plant height (51.0 cm), head diameter (31.24 cm), and total yield (43.35 tons ha –1 ), representing a 44.5% increase over the unfertilized control and outperforming mineral fertilization alone. Treatments with a high share of mineral fertilizers (75% mineral fertilizer + 25% organic fertilizer) increased the plant nutrient content but were less effective than balanced mixtures, in terms of crop yield. Moreover, individual fertilizer application resulted in a significant reduction in plant growth compared to the use of mixtures. This study highlights the agronomic and environmental benefits of integrated fertilization strategies in nutrient-deficient calcareous soil, including improved nutrient use efficiency, reduced chemical fertilizer input, and enhanced soil properties.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The balanced fertilizer mixture significantly increased cauliflower height to 51.0 cm.
- Taxon
- cauliflower
Brassica oleracea var. botrytist0 - Treatment
- 50% mineral fertilizer, 25% fermented cow manure, and 25% biofertilizere0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 51.0 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment combining 50% mineral fertilizer, 25% fermented cow manure, and 25% biofertilizer significantly ( p <0.05) enhanced the plant height (51.0 cm), head diameter (31.24 cm), and total yield (43.35 tons ha –1 )”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The balanced fertilizer mixture significantly increased cauliflower head diameter to 31.24 cm.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- 50% mineral fertilizer, 25% fermented cow manure, and 25% biofertilizere0
- Outcome
- head diametere0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 31.24 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment combining 50% mineral fertilizer, 25% fermented cow manure, and 25% biofertilizer significantly ( p <0.05) enhanced the plant height (51.0 cm), head diameter (31.24 cm), and total yield (43.35 tons ha –1 )”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The balanced fertilizer mixture raised cauliflower yield to 43.35 tons ha –1, 44.5% above the unfertilized control and above mineral fertilizer alone.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- 50% mineral fertilizer, 25% fermented cow manure, and 25% biofertilizere0
- Outcome
- total yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 43.35 tons ha –1e0
- Qualifier
- 44.5%e0
- Comparator
- unfertilized controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment combining 50% mineral fertilizer, 25% fermented cow manure, and 25% biofertilizer significantly ( p <0.05) enhanced the plant height (51.0 cm), head diameter (31.24 cm), and total yield (43.35 tons ha –1 ), representing a 44.5% increase over the unfertilized control and outperforming mineral fertilization alone”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
High mineral fertilizer share increased cauliflower nutrient content.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- 75% mineral fertilizer + 25% organic fertilizere0
- Outcome
- plant nutrient contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments with a high share of mineral fertilizers (75% mineral fertilizer + 25% organic fertilizer) increased the plant nutrient content”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
High mineral fertilizer share was less effective for cauliflower yield than balanced mixtures.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- 75% mineral fertilizer + 25% organic fertilizere0
- Outcome
- crop yielde0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
- Comparator
- balanced mixturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments with a high share of mineral fertilizers (75% mineral fertilizer + 25% organic fertilizer) increased the plant nutrient content but were less effective than balanced mixtures, in terms of crop yield”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual fertilizer applications significantly reduced cauliflower growth compared with mixtures.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- individual fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- the use of mixturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“individual fertilizer application resulted in a significant reduction in plant growth compared to the use of mixtures”
t0“Cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude integrated fertilization improves nutrient use efficiency, reduces chemical fertilizer input and enhances soil properties.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Outcome
- improved nutrient use efficiency, reduced chemical fertilizer input, and enhanced soil propertiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“integrated fertilization strategies in nutrient-deficient calcareous soil, including improved nutrient use efficiency, reduced chemical fertilizer input, and enhanced soil properties”
t0“Cauliflower”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.