Abstract
The physiological, biochemical, and morphometric responses of two lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa L.), Gypsy and Pomegranate Lace, which differ in terms of leaf morphology and anthocyanin pigmentation, were examined under moderate light (290 µmol m−2 s−1) with the addition of blue light (BL, peak at 450 nm), UV-B (peak at 306 nm), and their combinations. Continuous low-intensity UV-B (30 mW m−2) was applied for 48 h—during the day with white (WL, Red: 51%, Green: 38%, Blue: 11%) or white + blue (WL + BL, Red: 30%, Green: 22%, Blue: 48%) light and at night alone—to assess the effects of sustained UVR8 activation in the absence of visible light. In the Pomegranate Lace cultivar, which has wrinkled leaves and localized anthocyanin pigmentation, the combination of WL + BL + UV-B enhanced the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance, whereas respiration did not change. These coordinated changes indicate efficient integration of cryptochrome and UVR8 signaling, which sustains photochemical efficiency and stimulates phenolic and carotenoid accumulation, reinforcing antioxidant capacity. In the Gypsy cultivar, which is characterized by smooth leaves and uniform pigmentation, UV-B + BL increased gS along with the rates of respiration and photosynthesis and improved PSII efficiency. However, both cultivars showed a decrease in biomass and leaf area. Nevertheless, both cultivars exhibited increased antioxidant capacity, but in Gypsy, the addition of BL or UV-B affected the antioxidant capacity and PSII photochemical efficiency more effectively than in the Pomegranate Lace, likely due to deeper penetration in leaves and lower reflectance. Thus, long-term low-intensity UV-B radiation acts as a regulatory spectral cue that differentially modulates photosynthetic and antioxidant pathways. Its integration with blue light enables cultivar-specific optimization of photochemical resistance and metabolic resilience.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
In Pomegranate Lace, WL + BL + UV-B enhanced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Material
- Pomegranate Lacee1
- Treatment
- WL + BL + UV-Be1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and carotenoid contentse1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red-Leaf Lettuce Cultivars”
e1“In the Pomegranate Lace cultivar, which has wrinkled leaves and localized anthocyanin pigmentation, the combination of WL + BL + UV-B enhanced the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance, whereas respiration did not change”
Claim · model-written summary
In Pomegranate Lace, WL + BL + UV-B enhanced photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- Pomegranate Lacee1
- Treatment
- WL + BL + UV-Be1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductancee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red-Leaf Lettuce Cultivars”
e1“In the Pomegranate Lace cultivar, which has wrinkled leaves and localized anthocyanin pigmentation, the combination of WL + BL + UV-B enhanced the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance, whereas respiration did not change”
Claim · model-written summary
In Pomegranate Lace, WL + BL + UV-B did not change respiration.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- Pomegranate Lacee1
- Treatment
- WL + BL + UV-Be1
- Outcome
- respiratione1
- Direction
- did not changee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red-Leaf Lettuce Cultivars”
e1“In the Pomegranate Lace cultivar, which has wrinkled leaves and localized anthocyanin pigmentation, the combination of WL + BL + UV-B enhanced the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance, whereas respiration did not change”
Claim · model-written summary
In Gypsy, UV-B + BL increased stomatal conductance (gS), respiration and photosynthesis rates.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- Gypsye2
- Treatment
- UV-B + BLe2
- Outcome
- gS along with the rates of respiration and photosynthesise2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red-Leaf Lettuce Cultivars”
e2“In the Gypsy cultivar, which is characterized by smooth leaves and uniform pigmentation, UV-B + BL increased gS along with the rates of respiration and photosynthesis and improved PSII efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
In Gypsy, UV-B + BL improved PSII efficiency.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- Gypsye2
- Treatment
- UV-B + BLe2
- Outcome
- PSII efficiencye2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red-Leaf Lettuce Cultivars”
e2“In the Gypsy cultivar, which is characterized by smooth leaves and uniform pigmentation, UV-B + BL increased gS along with the rates of respiration and photosynthesis and improved PSII efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Both cultivars showed a decrease in biomass and leaf area under the light treatments.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- both cultivarse3
- Outcome
- biomass and leaf areae3
- Direction
- decreasee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red-Leaf Lettuce Cultivars”
e3“However, both cultivars showed a decrease in biomass and leaf area”
Claim · model-written summary
Both cultivars exhibited increased antioxidant capacity.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- both cultivarse4
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye4
- Direction
- increasede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red-Leaf Lettuce Cultivars”
e4“Nevertheless, both cultivars exhibited increased antioxidant capacity”
Claim · model-written summary
The coordinated changes in Pomegranate Lace indicate that phenolic and carotenoid accumulation is stimulated, reinforcing antioxidant capacity.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- Pomegranate Lacee1
- Outcome
- phenolic and carotenoid accumulatione5
- Direction
- stimulatese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red-Leaf Lettuce Cultivars”
e1“In the Pomegranate Lace cultivar, which has wrinkled leaves and localized anthocyanin pigmentation, the combination of WL + BL + UV-B enhanced the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance, whereas respiration did not change”
e5“These coordinated changes indicate efficient integration of cryptochrome and UVR8 signaling, which sustains photochemical efficiency and stimulates phenolic and carotenoid accumulation, reinforcing antioxidant capacity”
Claim · model-written summary
In Gypsy, adding BL or UV-B affected antioxidant capacity and PSII photochemical efficiency more effectively than in Pomegranate Lace, likely due to deeper leaf penetration and lower reflectance.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- Gypsye6
- Treatment
- the addition of BL or UV-Be6
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacity and PSII photochemical efficiencye6
- Direction
- more effectivelye6
- Qualifier
- likely due to deeper penetration in leaves and lower reflectancee6
- Comparator
- Pomegranate Lacee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red-Leaf Lettuce Cultivars”
e6“in Gypsy, the addition of BL or UV-B affected the antioxidant capacity and PSII photochemical efficiency more effectively than in the Pomegranate Lace, likely due to deeper penetration in leaves and lower reflectance”
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