Abstract
Drought is a major abiotic stress limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity. We evaluated 17 spring barley genotypes at the early leaf development stage under controlled laboratory conditions with optimal and drought treatments, integrating physiological, biochemical, and molecular traits. Drought reduced relative water content (–1.3% to –3.2%), plant height (–14.7% to –29.6%), and dry biomass (–2.3% to –24.9%), while inducing strong proline accumulation (+23.6% to +454%) and pigment loss (chlorophyll a –10.1% to –79.5%; carotenoids –6.2% to –70.9%). Principal component and discriminant analyses identified plant height and chlorophyll a as the most reliable discriminators, whereas relative water content was less predictive of the species. Multivariate stratification separated tolerant (Argument, Exalis, Slaven, Malz, Valis), intermediate (Laudis 550, Tango, Kompakt, LG Belcanto, SK Levitus), and sensitive (Kangoo, LG Tosca, LG Flamenco, Karmel, Bojos, Nitran, Tadmor) groups of genotypes. Gene expression profiling of 12 genotypes revealed a modest induction of HvABF2 (1.77-fold), moderate upregulation of HvSOD1 (1.82-fold) and HvAPX1 (2.28-fold), and the strongest response in HvP5CS (3.29-fold), which did not consistently correlate with tolerance. Tolerant genotypes combined growth stability, pigment retention, and moderate osmotic adjustment, whereas sensitive genotypes relied on excessive proline accumulation, resulting in severe pigment and growth penalties. Overall, drought tolerance in barley at the early growth stage emerged from the coordinated regulation of growth, photoprotection, and stress-gene activation, providing a foundation that can guide the selection of genotypes for subsequent validation under field conditions and future breeding programmes.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced relative water content by 1.3% to 3.2% in barley.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare
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Hordeum vulgaree2 - Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- –1.3% to –3.2%e0
- Comparator
- optimale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e0“Drought reduced relative water content (–1.3% to –3.2%), plant height (–14.7% to –29.6%), and dry biomass (–2.3% to –24.9%)”
e1“under controlled laboratory conditions with optimal and drought treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced plant height by 14.7% to 29.6% in barley.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- –14.7% to –29.6%e0
- Comparator
- optimale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e0“Drought reduced relative water content (–1.3% to –3.2%), plant height (–14.7% to –29.6%), and dry biomass (–2.3% to –24.9%)”
e1“under controlled laboratory conditions with optimal and drought treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced dry biomass by 2.3% to 24.9% in barley.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- dry biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- –2.3% to –24.9%e0
- Comparator
- optimale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e0“Drought reduced relative water content (–1.3% to –3.2%), plant height (–14.7% to –29.6%), and dry biomass (–2.3% to –24.9%)”
e1“under controlled laboratory conditions with optimal and drought treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought strongly increased proline accumulation by 23.6% to 454% in barley.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- Droughte4
- Outcome
- proline accumulatione4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Value
- +23.6% to +454%e4
- Comparator
- optimale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e4“Drought reduced relative water content (–1.3% to –3.2%), plant height (–14.7% to –29.6%), and dry biomass (–2.3% to –24.9%), while inducing strong proline accumulation (+23.6% to +454%)”
e1“under controlled laboratory conditions with optimal and drought treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased chlorophyll a by 10.1% to 79.5% in barley.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae5
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede5
- Value
- –10.1% to –79.5%e5
- Comparator
- optimale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e0“Drought reduced relative water content (–1.3% to –3.2%), plant height (–14.7% to –29.6%), and dry biomass (–2.3% to –24.9%)”
e1“under controlled laboratory conditions with optimal and drought treatments”
e5“pigment loss (chlorophyll a –10.1% to –79.5%; carotenoids –6.2% to –70.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased carotenoids by 6.2% to 70.9% in barley.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse5
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede5
- Value
- –6.2% to –70.9%e5
- Comparator
- optimale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e0“Drought reduced relative water content (–1.3% to –3.2%), plant height (–14.7% to –29.6%), and dry biomass (–2.3% to –24.9%)”
e1“under controlled laboratory conditions with optimal and drought treatments”
e5“pigment loss (chlorophyll a –10.1% to –79.5%; carotenoids –6.2% to –70.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height and chlorophyll a were the most reliable discriminators of barley genotype tolerance.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Outcome
- most reliable discriminatorse6
- Qualifier
- plant height and chlorophyll ae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e6“Principal component and discriminant analyses identified plant height and chlorophyll a as the most reliable discriminators”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative water content was less predictive of the species than the other traits.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Outcome
- relative water contente7
- Qualifier
- less predictivee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e7“whereas relative water content was less predictive of the species”
Claim · model-written summary
Multivariate stratification separated barley genotypes into tolerant, intermediate and sensitive groups.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Outcome
- Multivariate stratificatione3
- Qualifier
- tolerant (Argument, Exalis, Slaven, Malz, Valis)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e3“Multivariate stratification separated tolerant (Argument, Exalis, Slaven, Malz, Valis)”
Claim · model-written summary
HvABF2 gene expression was induced 1.77-fold under drought.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Gene
- HvABF2e3
- Outcome
- Gene expressione3
- Value
- 1.77-folde3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e3“Gene expression profiling of 12 genotypes revealed a modest induction of HvABF2 (1.77-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
HvSOD1 was moderately upregulated 1.82-fold.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Gene
- HvSOD1e3
- Outcome
- upregulatione3
- Value
- 1.82-folde3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e3“moderate upregulation of HvSOD1 (1.82-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
HvAPX1 was upregulated 2.28-fold.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Gene
- HvAPX1e3
- Outcome
- upregulatione3
- Value
- 2.28-folde3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e3“upregulation of HvSOD1 (1.82-fold) and HvAPX1 (2.28-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
HvP5CS had the strongest response (3.29-fold).
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Gene
- HvP5CSe3
- Outcome
- responsee3
- Value
- 3.29-folde3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e3“the strongest response in HvP5CS (3.29-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
HvP5CS induction did not consistently correlate with tolerance.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Gene
- HvP5CSe3
- Outcome
- tolerancee4
- Qualifier
- did not consistently correlate with tolerancee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e3“the strongest response in HvP5CS (3.29-fold)”
e4“which did not consistently correlate with tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Sensitive genotypes suffered severe pigment and growth penalties from excessive proline accumulation.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Outcome
- pigment and growth penaltiese3
- Qualifier
- excessive proline accumulatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e3“sensitive genotypes relied on excessive proline accumulation, resulting in severe pigment and growth penalties”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant genotypes combined growth stability, pigment retention and moderate osmotic adjustment.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Outcome
- growth stability, pigment retention, and moderate osmotic adjustmente3
- Qualifier
- Tolerant genotypese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e3“Tolerant genotypes combined growth stability, pigment retention, and moderate osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought tolerance in barley at the early growth stage emerged from coordinated regulation of growth, photoprotection and stress-gene activation.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee3
- Qualifier
- coordinated regulation of growth, photoprotection, and stress-gene activatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e3“drought tolerance in barley at the early growth stage emerged from the coordinated regulation of growth, photoprotection, and stress-gene activation”
Claim · model-written summary
The early-stage genotype selection can guide validation under field conditions and breeding.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Outcome
- selection of genotypes for subsequent validation under field conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“limiting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) productivity”
e3“can guide the selection of genotypes for subsequent validation under field conditions and future breeding programmes”