Abstract
Soil salinity severely reduces agricultural productivity by impairing seed germination and plant growth, thereby threatening the sustainable development of eco-friendly farming worldwide. The utilization of seed nanopriming, specifically using carbon dots (CDs), alleviates the side effects of salt stress during seed germination in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum. L), but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated the impact of CDs priming on cotton seeds by assessing their physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic responses under salinity stress. Nanopriming with CDs significantly increased seedling root length (205.2%), germination rate (32%) and seed vigor index (378.4%) under salt stress compared with controls (water priming). CDs primed seeds showed significantly lower content of superoxide anion radicals (O 2 •− ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) while hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levels increased by 42.3%–48.5%. Under salt stress conditions, CDs priming also resulted in a significant reduction in Na + accumulation (15.3% lower than the control) without affecting K + content. Further research found that the enhanced Na + efflux and seed germination induced by CDs priming were substantially suppressed by an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI). Thus, we confirmed that GhRboh -mediated H₂O₂ regulates Na + homeostasis to promote seed germination under salinity. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) results suggested that CDs priming-induced salt stress resistance is likely linked to oxidative stress response, MAPK signaling pathway, cellular ion homeostasis and Ca²⁺-binding proteins. Moreover, CDs priming treatment significantly upregulated the relative expression levels of GhRboh genes, Ca 2+ influx genes and SOS1/NHX7 . These results indicate that GhRboh -mediated H 2 O 2 accumulation may modulate Na + homeostasis via the Ca 2+ -dependent Na + /H + antiporter system to increase salt tolerance in cotton seed. This study provides novel mechanistic insights into nanomaterial-based seed priming strategies for improving crop resilience in saline soils. • CDs priming enhanced germination performance and salt stress tolerance in cotton seeds • CDs priming effectively mitigated salt-induced oxidative damage by decreasing O 2 •− and MDA accumulation while increasing H 2 O 2 content. • CDs priming mediated H 2 O 2 accumulation to maintain Na + homeostasis in response to salt tolerance. • CDs priming significantly upregulated key stress-response genes (GhRbohs, Ca²⁺ influx channels, SOS1/NHX7), promoting Na + efflux via Ca 2+ -dependent Na + /H + antiporter to improve salinity tolerance.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
CD nanopriming increased seedling root length of cotton under salt stress by 205.2% relative to water priming.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- Nanopriming with CDse1
- Outcome
- seedling root lengthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 205.2%e1
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse1
- Comparator
- controls (water priming)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress during seed germination in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum. L)”
e1“Nanopriming with CDs significantly increased seedling root length (205.2%), germination rate (32%) and seed vigor index (378.4%) under salt stress compared with controls (water priming)”
Claim · model-written summary
CD nanopriming increased germination rate of cotton under salt stress by 32%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Nanopriming with CDse1
- Outcome
- germination ratee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 32%e1
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse1
- Comparator
- controls (water priming)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress during seed germination in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum. L)”
e1“Nanopriming with CDs significantly increased seedling root length (205.2%), germination rate (32%) and seed vigor index (378.4%) under salt stress compared with controls (water priming)”
Claim · model-written summary
CD nanopriming increased seed vigor index of cotton under salt stress by 378.4%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Nanopriming with CDse1
- Outcome
- seed vigor indexe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 378.4%e1
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse1
- Comparator
- controls (water priming)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress during seed germination in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum. L)”
e1“Nanopriming with CDs significantly increased seedling root length (205.2%), germination rate (32%) and seed vigor index (378.4%) under salt stress compared with controls (water priming)”
Claim · model-written summary
CD-primed cotton seeds had significantly lower content of superoxide anion radicals.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- CDs primed seedse2
- Outcome
- content of superoxide anion radicalse2
- Direction
- lowere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress during seed germination in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum. L)”
e2“CDs primed seeds showed significantly lower content of superoxide anion radicals (O 2 •− ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) while hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levels increased by 42.3%–48.5%”
Claim · model-written summary
CD-primed cotton seeds had significantly lower malondialdehyde (MDA).
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- CDs primed seedse2
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e2
- Direction
- lowere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress during seed germination in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum. L)”
e2“CDs primed seeds showed significantly lower content of superoxide anion radicals (O 2 •− ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) while hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levels increased by 42.3%–48.5%”
Claim · model-written summary
CD-primed cotton seeds increased hydrogen peroxide levels by 42.3%–48.5%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- CDs primed seedse2
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levelse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 42.3%–48.5%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress during seed germination in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum. L)”
e2“CDs primed seeds showed significantly lower content of superoxide anion radicals (O 2 •− ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) while hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levels increased by 42.3%–48.5%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, CD priming reduced Na+ accumulation in cotton seeds by 15.3% relative to the control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- CDs priminge3
- Outcome
- Na + accumulatione3
- Direction
- reductione3
- Value
- 15.3%e3
- Qualifier
- Under salt stress conditionse3
- Comparator
- the controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress during seed germination in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum. L)”
e3“Under salt stress conditions, CDs priming also resulted in a significant reduction in Na + accumulation (15.3% lower than the control) without affecting K + content”
Claim · model-written summary
CD priming did not change K+ content of cotton seeds under salt stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- CDs priminge3
- Outcome
- K + contente3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress during seed germination in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum. L)”
e3“Under salt stress conditions, CDs priming also resulted in a significant reduction in Na + accumulation (15.3% lower than the control) without affecting K + content”
Claim · model-written summary
The DPI inhibitor substantially suppressed the CD-induced Na+ efflux and seed germination of cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI)e4
- Outcome
- enhanced Na + efflux and seed germinatione4
- Direction
- suppressede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress during seed germination in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum. L)”
e4“the enhanced Na + efflux and seed germination induced by CDs priming were substantially suppressed by an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI)”
Claim · model-written summary
GhRboh-mediated H2O2 may regulate Na+ homeostasis to promote cotton seed germination under salinity.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Gene
- GhRbohe5
- Compound
- H₂O₂e5
- Outcome
- Na + homeostasise5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress during seed germination in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum. L)”
e5“GhRboh -mediated H₂O₂ regulates Na + homeostasis to promote seed germination under salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
CD priming-induced salt stress resistance of cotton is likely linked to oxidative stress response, MAPK signalling, ion homeostasis and Ca2+-binding proteins.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- CDs priminge6
- Outcome
- salt stress resistancee6
- Qualifier
- oxidative stress response, MAPK signaling pathway, cellular ion homeostasis and Ca²⁺-binding proteinse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress during seed germination in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum. L)”
e6“Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) results suggested that CDs priming-induced salt stress resistance is likely linked to oxidative stress response, MAPK signaling pathway, cellular ion homeostasis and Ca²⁺-binding proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
CD priming significantly upregulated the relative expression of GhRboh genes, Ca2+ influx genes and SOS1/NHX7 in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- CDs priming treatmente7
- Gene
- GhRboh genes, Ca 2+ influx genes and SOS1/NHX7e7
- Outcome
- relative expression levelse7
- Direction
- upregulatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress during seed germination in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum. L)”
e7“CDs priming treatment significantly upregulated the relative expression levels of GhRboh genes, Ca 2+ influx genes and SOS1/NHX7”
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