Abstract
Salt-drought combined (SD) stress presents substantial obstacles for grape cultivation. Polyamine compounds (PAs) are essential for boosting plant resilience against abiotic stressors. Herein, their role in alleviating SD stress and boost growth remains unexplored in grape plants. Here, we used 1-year-old ‘Sweet sapphire’ grape to investigate the effects of exogenous putrescine (Put), including the role of its biosynthetic precursors arginine (Arg) and ornithine (Orn), polyamine synthase inhibitors, dichloromethylarginine (DFMA), dichloromethylornithine (DFMO), and cycloethylamine (CHA) on SD responses. Under SD stress, grape leaves exhibited water loss, structural damage, membrane peroxidation, reduced photosynthesis, and inhibited growth. Conversely, the Arg, Orn, and Put treatments mitigated SD effects on grape growth by increasing photosynthesis, osmotic regulatory substances and endogenous PAs contents, and antioxidant enzymes activity. In contrast, DFMA, DFMO, and CHA further aggravated SD-induced damage to grapevines. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses indicated that SD activated the arginine and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways, whereas Put treatment further regulated the expression levels and metabolites of genes related to arginine and flavonoid biosynthesis in grapes, thereby alleviating the growth-limiting effects induced by SD stress. Overall, this study provides a crucial theoretical framework for enhancing SD stress resistance in grapes and advancing the development of the grape industry. • SD damages the structure of grape leaves and inhibits photosynthesis. • Put, Arg and Orn alleviated the damage caused by SD stress to grapes. • PAs synthesis inhibitors exacerbates the damage caused by SD stress to grapes. • Put regulates the biosynthesis pathways of arginine and flavonoids under SD stress.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-drought stress reduced photosynthesis in grape leaves.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“the response of grapes to salt-drought combined stress”
e0“Under SD stress, grape leaves exhibited water loss, structural damage, membrane peroxidation, reduced photosynthesis, and inhibited growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-drought stress inhibited grape growth.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“the response of grapes to salt-drought combined stress”
e0“Under SD stress, grape leaves exhibited water loss, structural damage, membrane peroxidation, reduced photosynthesis, and inhibited growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-drought stress caused water loss, structural damage and membrane peroxidation in grape leaves.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
t0“the response of grapes to salt-drought combined stress”
e0“Under SD stress, grape leaves exhibited water loss, structural damage, membrane peroxidation, reduced photosynthesis, and inhibited growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Arginine, ornithine and putrescine treatments increased photosynthesis under salt-drought stress.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“the response of grapes to salt-drought combined stress”
e1“the Arg, Orn, and Put treatments mitigated SD effects on grape growth by increasing photosynthesis, osmotic regulatory substances and endogenous PAs contents, and antioxidant enzymes activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Arginine, ornithine and putrescine treatments increased osmotic regulatory substances and endogenous polyamine contents.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Treatment
- Arg, Orn, and Put treatmentse1
- Outcome
- osmotic regulatory substances and endogenous PAs contentse1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“the response of grapes to salt-drought combined stress”
e1“the Arg, Orn, and Put treatments mitigated SD effects on grape growth by increasing photosynthesis, osmotic regulatory substances and endogenous PAs contents, and antioxidant enzymes activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Arginine, ornithine and putrescine treatments increased antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Treatment
- Arg, Orn, and Put treatmentse1
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymes activitye1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“the response of grapes to salt-drought combined stress”
e1“the Arg, Orn, and Put treatments mitigated SD effects on grape growth by increasing photosynthesis, osmotic regulatory substances and endogenous PAs contents, and antioxidant enzymes activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyamine synthesis inhibitors DFMA, DFMO and CHA aggravated salt-drought damage to grapevines.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“the response of grapes to salt-drought combined stress”
e2“DFMA, DFMO, and CHA further aggravated SD-induced damage to grapevines”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-drought stress activated the arginine and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways in grapes.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“the response of grapes to salt-drought combined stress”
e3“SD activated the arginine and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways, whereas Put treatment further regulated the expression levels and metabolites of genes related to arginine and flavonoid biosynthesis in grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine treatment regulated the expression and metabolites of arginine and flavonoid biosynthesis genes under salt-drought stress.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Treatment
- Put treatmente3
- Outcome
- expression levels and metabolites of genes related to arginine and flavonoid biosynthesise3
- Direction
- regulatede3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“the response of grapes to salt-drought combined stress”
e3“SD activated the arginine and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways, whereas Put treatment further regulated the expression levels and metabolites of genes related to arginine and flavonoid biosynthesis in grapes”
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