Abstract
Although fungicide application via unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is increasingly used and has proven effective, concentrated deposition of fungicides can lead to phytotoxicity. Here, we developed Pro@CS/PQ, a nanofungicide comprising a chitosan (CS) core loaded with propiconazole (Pro) and a pectin–quercetin conjugate (PQ) shell. This dual-functional platform combines on-demand release with antioxidant buffering. Pro@CS/PQ released propiconazole more rapidly under acidic or pectinase-rich conditions, reaching 87.4% cumulative release within 72 h. Quercetin simultaneously protects plant tissues from oxidative stress and maintains redox homeostasis under excessive fungicide exposure. Compared with propiconazole emulsifiable concentrate (Pro EC), Pro@CS/PQ showed enhanced antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium fujikuroi, Botrytis cinerea, and Magnaporthe oryzae. In detached rice leaves infected with R. solani, Pro@CS/PQ at 50 mg·L⁻¹ achieved protective and curative efficacies of 85.8% and 70.8%, which were significantly higher than those of Pro EC. Pro@CS/PQ also exhibited improved foliar adhesion, maintaining over 60% leaf retention after water washing, approximately twice the retention of Pro EC. At concentrations up to four times the recommended rate, Pro@CS/PQ caused no visible phytotoxicity, whereas Pro EC induced severe leaf damage at half that concentration. Metabolomic analysis confirmed that Pro@CS/PQ mitigated propiconazole-induced metabolic perturbations and preserved homeostasis of key metabolic pathways involving amino acids, carbohydrates, and pyrimidines. This work offers a promising solution for safe and effective application of triazole fungicides.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Pro@CS/PQ released 87.4% of propiconazole within 72 hours in responsive conditions.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Outcome
- cumulative releasee0
- Direction
- more rapidlye0
- Value
- 87.4%e0
- Qualifier
- under acidic or pectinase-rich conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pro@CS/PQ released propiconazole more rapidly under acidic or pectinase-rich conditions, reaching 87.4% cumulative release within 72 h”
e1“detached rice leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro@CS/PQ had enhanced antifungal activity against the listed fungi versus Pro EC.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Pro@CS/PQe0
- Outcome
- antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium fujikuroi, Botrytis cinerea, and Magnaporthe oryzaee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- propiconazole emulsifiable concentrate (Pro EC)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with propiconazole emulsifiable concentrate (Pro EC), Pro@CS/PQ showed enhanced antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium fujikuroi, Botrytis cinerea, and Magnaporthe oryzae”
e1“detached rice leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro@CS/PQ achieved 85.8% protective efficacy against R. solani on rice leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pro@CS/PQ at 50 mg·L⁻¹e0
- Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- protectivee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 85.8%e0
- Comparator
- Pro ECe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In detached rice leaves infected with R. solani, Pro@CS/PQ at 50 mg·L⁻¹ achieved protective and curative efficacies of 85.8% and 70.8%, which were significantly higher than those of Pro EC”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro@CS/PQ achieved 70.8% curative efficacy against R. solani on rice leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pro@CS/PQ at 50 mg·L⁻¹e0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- curative efficaciese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 70.8%e0
- Comparator
- Pro ECe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In detached rice leaves infected with R. solani, Pro@CS/PQ at 50 mg·L⁻¹ achieved protective and curative efficacies of 85.8% and 70.8%, which were significantly higher than those of Pro EC”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro@CS/PQ retained over 60% on leaves after washing, about twice Pro EC.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Pro@CS/PQe0
- Outcome
- leaf retentione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- over 60%e0
- Comparator
- Pro ECe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pro@CS/PQ also exhibited improved foliar adhesion, maintaining over 60% leaf retention after water washing, approximately twice the retention of Pro EC”
e1“detached rice leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro@CS/PQ caused no visible phytotoxicity at up to four times the recommended rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Pro@CS/PQe0
- Outcome
- no visible phytotoxicitye0
- Qualifier
- up to four times the recommended ratee0
- Comparator
- Pro ECe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At concentrations up to four times the recommended rate, Pro@CS/PQ caused no visible phytotoxicity, whereas Pro EC induced severe leaf damage at half that concentration”
e1“detached rice leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro@CS/PQ mitigated propiconazole-induced metabolic perturbations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Pro@CS/PQe0
- Outcome
- propiconazole-induced metabolic perturbationse0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pro@CS/PQ mitigated propiconazole-induced metabolic perturbations and preserved homeostasis of key metabolic pathways involving amino acids, carbohydrates, and pyrimidines”
e1“detached rice leaves”
The same questions in other papers
chitosan · crop injury · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
chitosan · Rhizoctonia solani · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →chitosan · disease · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
9 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.