Abstract
BACKGROUND: Optimizing the silage processing technology for mulberry is essential to improve the utilization efficiency of this feed resource. This study investigated the effects of a wilting pretreatment and silage additives on fermentation dynamics, microbial community structure, metabolites, and in situ ruminal degradation characteristics of whole-plant mulberry silage. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with two conditions (62% vs. 73% moisture content) and three silage additives (control, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP), and organic acids (OA)) was applied in a completely randomized design with 6 replications. All samples were ensiled for 60 days before analysis. RESULTS: The wilting procedure increased lactic acid and crude protein (CP) contents while lowering pH (P < 0.05). Both OA and LP additive treatments reduced pH and increased CP content in mulberry silage (P < 0.05). The LP treatment specifically reduced ammonia nitrogen and pH and improved lactic acid content (P < 0.05). The interaction between wilting and additive led to decreases in acetic acid and neutral detergent fiber contents (P < 0.05). 16S rRNA sequence revealed that LP inoculation enriched the relative abundance of Lactiplantibacillus while suppressing that of Enterococcus (P < 0.05). Lactiplantibacillus abundance was positively correlated with contents of lactic acid, CP, and beneficial metabolites L-arginine and salicin (P < 0.05). These two differential metabolites were enriched in phosphotransferase system and arginine biosynthesis pathways (P < 0.05). The in situ ruminal study further confirmed that wilting improved DM digestibility while reducing methane and ammonia nitrogen concentration. The LP treatment also reduced ruminal ammonia nitrogen level (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The combined application of a wilting pretreatment and LP inoculant presents a validated and effective approach to comprehensively improve the fermentation quality and nutritive value of mulberry silage.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Wilting increased lactic acid and crude protein contents of mulberry silage.
- Taxon
- mulberrye2
- Treatment
- wilting proceduree1
- Outcome
- lactic acid and crude protein (CP) contentse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The wilting procedure increased lactic acid and crude protein (CP) contents while lowering pH (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Wilting lowered the pH of mulberry silage.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The wilting procedure increased lactic acid and crude protein (CP) contents while lowering pH (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
The OA additive reduced the pH of mulberry silage.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Both OA and LP additive treatments reduced pH and increased CP content in mulberry silage (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
The LP additive reduced the pH of mulberry silage.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Both OA and LP additive treatments reduced pH and increased CP content in mulberry silage (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
The OA additive increased the CP content of mulberry silage.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Both OA and LP additive treatments reduced pH and increased CP content in mulberry silage (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
The LP additive increased the CP content of mulberry silage.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Both OA and LP additive treatments reduced pH and increased CP content in mulberry silage (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
The LP treatment reduced ammonia nitrogen in mulberry silage.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The LP treatment specifically reduced ammonia nitrogen and pH and improved lactic acid content (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
The LP treatment improved the lactic acid content of mulberry silage.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The LP treatment specifically reduced ammonia nitrogen and pH and improved lactic acid content (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction of wilting and additive decreased acetic acid and neutral detergent fiber contents of mulberry silage.
- Taxon
- mulberrye2
- Treatment
- interaction between wilting and additivee1
- Outcome
- acetic acid and neutral detergent fiber contentse1
- Direction
- decreasese1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The interaction between wilting and additive led to decreases in acetic acid and neutral detergent fiber contents (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
LP inoculation enriched the relative abundance of Lactiplantibacillus in mulberry silage.
- Taxon
- mulberrye2
- Treatment
- LP inoculatione1
- Interactor
- LactiplantibacillusLactiplantibacilluse1other
- Outcome
- relative abundance of Lactiplantibacilluse1
- Direction
- enrichede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“16S rRNA sequence revealed that LP inoculation enriched the relative abundance of Lactiplantibacillus while suppressing that of Enterococcus (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
LP inoculation suppressed the relative abundance of Enterococcus in mulberry silage.
- Taxon
- mulberrye2
- Treatment
- LP inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Enterococcus
Enterococcuse1other - Outcome
- relative abundancee1
- Direction
- suppressinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“16S rRNA sequence revealed that LP inoculation enriched the relative abundance of Lactiplantibacillus while suppressing that of Enterococcus (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Lactiplantibacillus abundance was positively correlated with lactic acid and CP contents in mulberry silage.
Verbatim
e1“Lactiplantibacillus abundance was positively correlated with contents of lactic acid, CP, and beneficial metabolites L-arginine and salicin (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Lactiplantibacillus abundance was positively correlated with the beneficial metabolites L-arginine and salicin in mulberry silage.
Verbatim
e1“Lactiplantibacillus abundance was positively correlated with contents of lactic acid, CP, and beneficial metabolites L-arginine and salicin (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
The two differential metabolites were enriched in the phosphotransferase system and arginine biosynthesis pathways in mulberry silage.
Verbatim
e1“These two differential metabolites were enriched in phosphotransferase system and arginine biosynthesis pathways (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Wilting improved the in situ ruminal dry matter digestibility of mulberry silage.
- Taxon
- mulberrye2
- Treatment
- wiltinge1
- Outcome
- DM digestibilitye1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Setting
- in situ ruminal studye1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The in situ ruminal study further confirmed that wilting improved DM digestibility while reducing methane and ammonia nitrogen concentration”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Wilting reduced methane and ammonia nitrogen concentration in the in situ ruminal study of mulberry silage.
- Taxon
- mulberrye2
- Treatment
- wiltinge1
- Outcome
- methane and ammonia nitrogen concentratione1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Setting
- in situ ruminal studye1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The in situ ruminal study further confirmed that wilting improved DM digestibility while reducing methane and ammonia nitrogen concentration”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
The LP treatment reduced ruminal ammonia nitrogen level of mulberry silage.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The LP treatment also reduced ruminal ammonia nitrogen level (P < 0.05)”
e2“whole-plant mulberry silage”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combining wilting with LP inoculant to improve the fermentation quality and nutritive value of mulberry silage.
Verbatim
e1“The combined application of a wilting pretreatment and LP inoculant presents a validated and effective approach to comprehensively improve the fermentation quality and nutritive value of mulberry silage”
The same questions in other papers
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum · quality: protein · Morus (mulberry trees)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum · molecular: metabolites · Morus (mulberry trees)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
inoculation · pest · Morus (mulberry trees)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
inoculation · Enterococcus · Morus (mulberry trees)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.