Abstract
Salt stress constitutes a significant abiotic constraint impairing seed germination and plant growth. In this study, we employed wheat cultivar 'Longchun 30' to examine tea polyphenol (TP)-mediated regulation of redox homeostasis and proline metabolism in germinated seeds and seedlings under NaCl stress. Relative to ascorbic acid, TP showed a strong scavenging effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Salt stress severely suppressed seed germination and seedling growth, concurrently elevating the amount of sodium (Na+), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)+), NADPH, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA) and osmotic regulators while reducing potassium (K+), NADH content, K+/Na+ and NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios. Crucially, TP application mitigated salinity-induced inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth, concomitant with the increases of K+ content and K+/Na+ and NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios, as well as decreases of Na+, NAD(P)+, ROS and MDA levels. TP supplementation further enhanced proline content in seedling leaves under salinity stress, along with the further up-regulation of ornithine δ-aminotransferase, glutamate kinase, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and proline dehydrogenase activities and their gene expression, particularly during the early stage of Na + TP treatment. Collectively, TP application enhances wheat salinity tolerance by reducing Na+ accumulation, reinforcing the redox homeostasis in germinated seeds and seedlings, while tissue-specifically boosting foliar proline accumulation via coordinated activation of anabolic enzymes and associated genes.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Tea polyphenols showed strong scavenging of ROS, ABTS and DPPH relative to ascorbic acid.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- scavenging effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Comparator
- ascorbic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to ascorbic acid, TP showed a strong scavenging effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress suppressed seed germination and seedling growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- seed germination and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress severely suppressed seed germination and seedling growth”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased Na+, NAD(P)+ and NADPH amounts.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- amount of sodium (Na+), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)+), NADPHe0
- Direction
- elevatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress severely suppressed seed germination and seedling growth, concurrently elevating the amount of sodium (Na+), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)+), NADPH, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA) and osmotic regulators”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased ROS, MDA and osmotic regulators.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinityt1
- Outcome
- ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA) and osmotic regulatorse0
- Direction
- elevatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevating the amount of sodium (Na+), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)+), NADPH, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA) and osmotic regulators”
t0“wheat”
t1“salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced K+, NADH, K+/Na+ and NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinityt1
- Outcome
- potassium (K+), NADH content, K+/Na+ and NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratiose0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while reducing potassium (K+), NADH content, K+/Na+ and NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios.”
t0“wheat”
t1“salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Tea polyphenols mitigated salinity inhibition of germination and seedling growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TP applicatione0
- Outcome
- seed germination and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Qualifier
- salinity-inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TP application mitigated salinity-induced inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Tea polyphenols increased K+ content and K+/Na+ and NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios under salinity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TP applicatione0
- Outcome
- K+ content and K+/Na+ and NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratiose0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TP application mitigated salinity-induced inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth, concomitant with the increases of K+ content and K+/Na+ and NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Tea polyphenols decreased Na+, NAD(P)+, ROS and MDA under salinity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- tea polyphenolst1
- Outcome
- Na+, NAD(P)+, ROS and MDA levelse0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreases of Na+, NAD(P)+, ROS and MDA levels.”
t0“wheat”
t1“tea polyphenols”
Claim · model-written summary
Tea polyphenols enhanced proline in seedling leaves under salinity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- seedling leavese0
- Treatment
- TP supplementatione0
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TP supplementation further enhanced proline content in seedling leaves under salinity stress”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Tea polyphenols upregulated ornithine δ-aminotransferase, glutamate kinase and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase activities and expression under salinity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TP supplementatione0
- Outcome
- ornithine δ-aminotransferase, glutamate kinase, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetasee0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
- Qualifier
- activities and their gene expressione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TP supplementation further enhanced proline content in seedling leaves under salinity stress, along with the further up-regulation of ornithine δ-aminotransferase, glutamate kinase, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and proline dehydrogenase activities and their gene expression”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Tea polyphenols upregulated pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and proline dehydrogenase activities and expression under salinity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TP supplementatione0
- Outcome
- pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and proline dehydrogenase activities and their gene expressione0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TP supplementation further enhanced proline content in seedling leaves under salinity stress, along with the further up-regulation of ornithine δ-aminotransferase, glutamate kinase, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and proline dehydrogenase activities and their gene expression”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute enhanced salinity tolerance to reduced sodium accumulation, restored redox balance and foliar proline accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TP applicatione0
- Outcome
- salinity tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- reducing Na+ accumulation, reinforcing the redox homeostasis in germinated seeds and seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TP application enhances wheat salinity tolerance by reducing Na+ accumulation, reinforcing the redox homeostasis in germinated seeds and seedlings, while tissue-specifically boosting foliar proline accumulation via coordinated activation of anabolic enzymes and associated genes.”
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