Abstract
Abstract Viola odorata L., commonly known as sweet violet, is a valuable dicotyledonous plant of the Violaceae family, recognized for its medicinal and ornamental significance. Polyploidy induction using chemical mutagens, such as colchicine, is widely employed to enhance traits in ornamental plants. In this study, four- to six-leaf stage seedlings were treated with colchicine at various concentrations (0–0.5% w/v) for 24, 48, and 72 h via apical meristem immersion to induce tetraploidy. The effects of polyploidization on survival, morphological traits, physiological performance, biochemical composition, phytochemical accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activities were evaluated. Results showed the highest survival rate (97.78%) in the control group, with 0.3% colchicine for 48 h being the most effective treatment for tetraploid induction. Tetraploid plants displayed typical morphological changes, including increased stomatal size and reduced stomatal density, with cytological analysis confirming chromosome doubling from diploid (2n = 2x = 20) to tetraploid (2n = 4x = 40). Compared to diploids, tetraploids exhibited significantly higher photosynthetic pigments, total protein, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, vitamin C, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents, along with enhanced activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase. The increased fresh and dry weight in tetraploids further indicates that higher biomass may contribute to the elevated biochemical and phytochemical levels. These findings demonstrate that tetraploid induction effectively enhances morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits, as well as antioxidant capacity in V. odorata, providing a promising strategy to improve its medicinal and ornamental value.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The highest survival rate of Viola odorata seedlings (97.78%) occurred in the untreated control group.
- Taxon
- Viola odorata
Viola odoratat0 - Outcome
- survival ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 97.78%e0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Viola odorata”
e0“Results showed the highest survival rate (97.78%) in the control group”
Claim · model-written summary
Colchicine at 0.3% for 48 h was the most effective treatment for tetraploid induction in Viola odorata.
- Taxon
- Viola odorataViola odoratat0
- Treatment
- 0.3% colchicine for 48 he0
- Outcome
- tetraploid inductione0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Viola odorata”
e0“0.3% colchicine for 48 h being the most effective treatment for tetraploid induction”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetraploid Viola odorata plants had increased stomatal size.
- Taxon
- Viola odorataViola odoratat0
- Material
- Tetraploid plantse0
- Outcome
- stomatal sizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Viola odorata”
e0“Tetraploid plants displayed typical morphological changes, including increased stomatal size”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetraploid Viola odorata plants had reduced stomatal density.
- Taxon
- Viola odorataViola odoratat0
- Material
- Tetraploid plantse0
- Outcome
- stomatal densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Viola odorata”
e0“Tetraploid plants displayed typical morphological changes, including increased stomatal size and reduced stomatal density”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytological analysis confirmed chromosome doubling from diploid (2n = 2x = 20) to tetraploid (2n = 4x = 40).
- Taxon
- Viola odorataViola odoratat0
- Outcome
- chromosome doublinge0
- Value
- 2n = 4x = 40e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Viola odorata”
e0“cytological analysis confirming chromosome doubling from diploid (2n = 2x = 20) to tetraploid (2n = 4x = 40)”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with diploids, tetraploids had significantly higher photosynthetic pigments, total protein and PAL activity.
- Taxon
- Viola odorataViola odoratat0
- Treatment
- tetraploidse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, total protein, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- diploidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Viola odorata”
e0“Compared to diploids, tetraploids exhibited significantly higher photosynthetic pigments, total protein, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, vitamin C, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with diploids, tetraploids had significantly higher vitamin C, total phenolic and flavonoid contents.
- Taxon
- Viola odorataViola odoratat0
- Treatment
- tetraploidse0
- Outcome
- vitamin C, total phenolic, and flavonoid contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- diploidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Viola odorata”
e0“Compared to diploids, tetraploids exhibited significantly higher photosynthetic pigments, total protein, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, vitamin C, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetraploids had enhanced activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase compared with diploids.
- Taxon
- Viola odorataViola odoratat0
- Treatment
- tetraploidse0
- Outcome
- activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidasee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- diploidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Viola odorata”
e0“Compared to diploids, tetraploids”
e1“enhanced activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetraploids had increased fresh and dry weight.
- Taxon
- Viola odorataViola odoratat0
- Material
- tetraploidse0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Viola odorata”
e0“The increased fresh and dry weight in tetraploids”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that higher biomass in tetraploids may contribute to the elevated biochemical and phytochemical levels.
- Taxon
- Viola odorataViola odoratat0
- Outcome
- elevated biochemical and phytochemical levelse0
- Qualifier
- higher biomass may contributee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Viola odorata”
e0“higher biomass may contribute to the elevated biochemical and phytochemical levels”