Abstract
Salinity stress, through restricting water availability and inducing ion toxicity, represents one of the major threats to global agricultural productivity. Although plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have been widely studied for their ability to alleviate abiotic stresses, the co-inoculation of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MN099392) and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli (PP125713) to enhance salt stress tolerance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars has received limited attention. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of co-inoculation with S. maltophilia and R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli on physiological traits and yield performance of two common bean cultivars (Almas and Pak) under salinity stress. A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University. Treatments included six bacterial inoculations (non-inoculated control, S. maltophilia (P1), Enterobacter hormaechei (P2), R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli strain Rb-114 (RB), and dual combinations P1 + RB and P2 + RB) and four salinity levels (0.5, 4, 6, and 8 dS m− 1). Increasing salinity reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, protein accumulation, and grain yield, while electrolyte leakage, proline concentration, antioxidant enzyme (APX and POD) activities, and ABA content increased. Co-inoculation with P1 + RB effectively mitigated the adverse effects of salinity by enhancing chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugars, IAA, essential nutrients (Mg, Fe, and K), grain weight and nitrogen content. Overall, co-inoculation with S. maltophilia and R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli significantly improved salinity tolerance, particularly in the Almas cultivar, through enhanced nutrient uptake, maintenance of membrane integrity, and regulation of hormonal balance.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and protein accumulation in common bean.
- Taxon
- common bean
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- Increasing salinitye0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, protein accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing salinity reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, protein accumulation, and grain yield”
t0“common bean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity reduced grain yield in common bean.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Increasing salinitye0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing salinity reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, protein accumulation, and grain yield”
t0“common bean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity increased electrolyte leakage, proline concentration and antioxidant enzyme activities in common bean.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Increasing salinitye1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage, proline concentration, antioxidant enzyme (APX and POD) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“electrolyte leakage, proline concentration, antioxidant enzyme (APX and POD) activities, and ABA content increased.”
e1“Increasing salinity reduced chlorophyll”
t0“common bean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity increased ABA content in common bean.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Increasing salinitye1
- Outcome
- ABA contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and ABA content increased.”
e1“Increasing salinity reduced chlorophyll”
t0“common bean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
P1 plus RB co-inoculation enhanced chlorophyll, carotenoids and soluble sugars under salinity.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Co-inoculation with P1 + RBe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-inoculation with P1 + RB effectively mitigated the adverse effects of salinity by enhancing chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugars, IAA, essential nutrients (Mg, Fe, and K), grain weight and nitrogen content.”
t0“common bean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
P1 plus RB co-inoculation enhanced IAA and Mg, Fe and K nutrients under salinity.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Co-inoculation with P1 + RBe0
- Outcome
- IAA, essential nutrients (Mg, Fe, and K)e0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-inoculation with P1 + RB effectively mitigated the adverse effects of salinity by enhancing chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugars, IAA, essential nutrients (Mg, Fe, and K), grain weight and nitrogen content.”
t0“common bean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
P1 plus RB co-inoculation enhanced grain weight and nitrogen content under salinity.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Co-inoculation with P1 + RBe0
- Outcome
- grain weight and nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-inoculation with P1 + RB effectively mitigated the adverse effects of salinity by enhancing chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugars, IAA, essential nutrients (Mg, Fe, and K), grain weight and nitrogen content.”
t0“common bean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation with S. maltophilia and R. leguminosarum significantly improved salinity tolerance, particularly in Almas.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- Almase0
- Treatment
- co-inoculation with S. maltophilia and R. leguminosarum bv. phaseolie0
- Outcome
- salinity tolerancee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-inoculation with S. maltophilia and R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli significantly improved salinity tolerance, particularly in the Almas cultivar”
t0“common bean cultivars”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.