Abstract
Abstract The use of bio-stimulants in agriculture has emerged as a promising strategy to improve crop growth and yield. One type of bio-stimulant that has gained attention is microalgae extracts, which are known for their high metabolic activity, bioactive compounds, and ability to enhance plant growth and development. To investigate their effectiveness, a pot experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Helwan University in Egypt during the 2022 season. The experiment aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Chlorella vulgaris , Nannochloropsis salina , and Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina platensis) extracts as bio-stimulants, applied through foliar spray at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 2.0%, on common bean plants. Analysis of algal extract showed that . N. salina had the highest content of promotive growth hormones gibberellins (GA 3 ) (74.85 ± 2.7mg100 g −1 d.wt). and auxins (IAA) (34.57 ± 2.7µg 100 g −1 d.wt.) compared to Chlorella and Arthrospira ..The results revealed that the application of C. vulgaris , N. salina , and A. platensis extracts at concentrations up to 1.0% significantly improved various growth parameters, such as root, and shoot length, number of leaves and flowers per plant, leaf area, and total fresh and dry weight per plant. These extracts also positively affected yield attributes, including the number and fresh weight of pods per plant, seed index, seed yield per plant, and per feddan [a unit of land area]. Furthermore, the application of these extracts increased the chlorophyll content index with the maximum values of CCI (17.95. and 17.81%) was obtained at 0.50% N. salina , followed by 0.50% C.vulgaris. In addition to increase in the capacity of both non-enzymatic antioxidants [such as total antioxidant capacity, phenolics, and flavonoids] and enzymatic antioxidants [including catalase and ascorbic oxidase]. The most promising results were observed with the application of N. salina, and C. vulgaris extracts at a concentration of 0.5%. Additionally, the extracts significantly reduced the content of oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde, percentage of electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide, in common bean plants compared to the control group. Contrarily, the measured parameters were reduced, while the levels of oxidative stress markers and some antioxidants including peroxidase, ascorbic peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione transferase were increased by three algal extracts at a concentration of 2.0%, compared to control plants. Additionally, the application of these microalgae extracts improved the quality parameters, proximate composition, seed energy, and mineral contents of the harvested seeds, with the most significant positive impact was observed at 0.5% concentration of algal extract. These findings demonstrate the successful and safe utilization of extracts from C. vulgaris , N. salina , and A . platensis at concentrations up to 1.0% as bio-stimulants to enhance common bean yields and improve the nutritional quality of dried beans for consumers.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
N. salina extract had the highest gibberellin content.
- Taxon
- common bean plants
Phaseolus vulgarise1 - Outcome
- content of promotive growth hormones gibberellins (GA 3 )e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 74.85 ± 2.7mg100 g −1 d.wte0
- Qualifier
- N. salinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N. salina had the highest content of promotive growth hormones gibberellins (GA 3 ) (74.85 ± 2.7mg100 g −1 d.wt).”
e1“on common bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
N. salina extract had the highest auxin content.
- Taxon
- common bean plantsPhaseolus vulgarise2
- Outcome
- auxins (IAA)e0
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 34.57 ± 2.7µg 100 g −1 d.wt.e0
- Comparator
- Chlorella and Arthrospirae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“auxins (IAA) (34.57 ± 2.7µg 100 g −1 d.wt.) compared to Chlorella and Arthrospira”
e1“N. salina had the highest content”
e2“on common bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
C. vulgaris extract up to 1.0% improved bean growth measures.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- C. vulgarise0
- Outcome
- root, and shoot length, number of leaves and flowers per plante0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- up to 1.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of C. vulgaris , N. salina , and A. platensis extracts at concentrations up to 1.0% significantly improved various growth parameters, such as root, and shoot length, number of leaves and flowers per plant, leaf area, and total fresh and dry weight per plant.”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
N. salina extract up to 1.0% improved bean growth measures.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- N. salinae0
- Outcome
- leaf area, and total fresh and dry weight per plante0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- up to 1.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of C. vulgaris , N. salina , and A. platensis extracts at concentrations up to 1.0% significantly improved various growth parameters, such as root, and shoot length, number of leaves and flowers per plant, leaf area, and total fresh and dry weight per plant.”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
A. platensis extract up to 1.0% improved bean growth measures.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- A. platensise0
- Outcome
- growth parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- up to 1.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of C. vulgaris , N. salina , and A. platensis extracts at concentrations up to 1.0% significantly improved various growth parameters, such as root, and shoot length, number of leaves and flowers per plant, leaf area, and total fresh and dry weight per plant.”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
C. vulgaris extract improved bean yield attributes.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- C. vulgarise1
- Outcome
- number and fresh weight of pods per plant, seed indexe0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These extracts also positively affected yield attributes, including the number and fresh weight of pods per plant, seed index, seed yield per plant, and per feddan [a unit of land area].”
e1“application of C. vulgaris , N. salina , and A. platensis extracts”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
N. salina extract improved bean yield attributes.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- N. salinae1
- Outcome
- seed yield per plant, and per feddane0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These extracts also positively affected yield attributes, including the number and fresh weight of pods per plant, seed index, seed yield per plant, and per feddan [a unit of land area].”
e1“application of C. vulgaris , N. salina , and A. platensis extracts”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
A. platensis extract improved bean yield attributes.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- A. platensise1
- Outcome
- yield attributese0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These extracts also positively affected yield attributes, including the number and fresh weight of pods per plant, seed index, seed yield per plant, and per feddan [a unit of land area].”
e1“application of C. vulgaris , N. salina , and A. platensis extracts”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
0.50% N. salina increased bean chlorophyll content index.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 0.50% N. salinae0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content indexe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 17.95.e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the chlorophyll content index with the maximum values of CCI (17.95. and 17.81%) was obtained at 0.50% N. salina , followed by 0.50% C.vulgaris”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
0.50% C.vulgaris increased bean chlorophyll content index.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 0.50% C.vulgarise0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.81%e0
- Comparator
- 0.50% N. salinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the chlorophyll content index with the maximum values of CCI (17.95. and 17.81%) was obtained at 0.50% N. salina , followed by 0.50% C.vulgaris”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Algal extracts increased bean antioxidant measures.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- C. vulgaris , N. salina , and A. platensis extractse1
- Outcome
- total antioxidant capacity, phenolics, and flavonoidse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase in the capacity of both non-enzymatic antioxidants [such as total antioxidant capacity, phenolics, and flavonoids]”
e1“application of C. vulgaris , N. salina , and A. platensis extracts”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Algal extracts increased bean antioxidant measures.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- C. vulgaris , N. salina , and A. platensis extractse1
- Outcome
- catalase and ascorbic oxidasee0
- Direction
- increasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic antioxidants [including catalase and ascorbic oxidase]”
e1“application of C. vulgaris , N. salina , and A. platensis extracts”
t0“common bean plant growth”
e2“increase in the capacity of both non-enzymatic antioxidants”
Claim · model-written summary
The 0.5% N. salina treatment gave among the most promising results.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- N. salinae0
- Outcome
- most promising resultse0
- Direction
- most promisinge0
- Qualifier
- 0.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most promising results were observed with the application of N. salina, and C. vulgaris extracts at a concentration of 0.5%.”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The 0.5% C. vulgaris treatment gave among the most promising results.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- C. vulgarise0
- Outcome
- most promising resultse0
- Direction
- most promisinge0
- Qualifier
- 0.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most promising results were observed with the application of N. salina, and C. vulgaris extracts at a concentration of 0.5%.”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Microalgal extracts reduced malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage and hydrogen peroxide relative to controls.
- Taxon
- common bean plantsPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- extractse0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde, percentage of electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extracts significantly reduced the content of oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde, percentage of electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide, in common bean plants compared to the control group.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2.0%, algal extracts reduced measured parameters.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- three algal extracts at a concentration of 2.0%e0
- Outcome
- measured parameterse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the measured parameters were reduced, while the levels of oxidative stress markers and some antioxidants including peroxidase, ascorbic peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione transferase were increased by three algal extracts at a concentration of 2.0%, compared to control plants.”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2.0%, algal extracts increased levels of oxidative stress markers.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- three algal extracts at a concentration of 2.0%e0
- Outcome
- levels of oxidative stress markerse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the measured parameters were reduced, while the levels of oxidative stress markers and some antioxidants including peroxidase, ascorbic peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione transferase were increased by three algal extracts at a concentration of 2.0%, compared to control plants.”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2.0%, algal extracts increased peroxidase, ascorbic peroxidase, superoxide dismutase.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- three algal extracts at a concentration of 2.0%e0
- Outcome
- peroxidase, ascorbic peroxidase, superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the measured parameters were reduced, while the levels of oxidative stress markers and some antioxidants including peroxidase, ascorbic peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione transferase were increased by three algal extracts at a concentration of 2.0%, compared to control plants.”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Microalgal extracts improved harvested bean seed quality, composition and mineral content.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- microalgae extractse0
- Outcome
- quality parameters, proximate composition, seed energye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 0.5% concentration of algal extracte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of these microalgae extracts improved the quality parameters, proximate composition, seed energy, and mineral contents of the harvested seeds, with the most significant positive impact was observed at 0.5% concentration of algal extract.”
t0“common bean plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude that algal extracts up to 1.0% can improve bean yield and nutritional quality.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- extracts from C. vulgaris , N. salina , and A . platensis at concentrations up to 1.0%e0
- Outcome
- enhance common bean yields and improve the nutritional quality of dried beanse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“utilization of extracts from C. vulgaris , N. salina , and A . platensis at concentrations up to 1.0% as bio-stimulants to enhance common bean yields and improve the nutritional quality of dried beans for consumers.”
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See all 10 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.