Abstract
Blossom-end rot (BER) in tomatoes is a physiological disorder primarily caused by the disruption of calcium absorption and transport. This study cultivated tomatoes using a trough-based vermiculite system. Two treatments were established: a calcium-deficient nutrient solution and a calcium-deficient nutrient solution supplemented with 0.1 mg/L BR (n = 40 plants per treatment). The activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), were measured in the leaves. Calcium ion content was also determined in various plant parts. Statistical analysis of differences was performed using Duncan’s multiple range test at a significance level of p < 0.01. Concurrently, transcriptome sequencing of root, stem, and leaf tissues was conducted via high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that foliar application of BR under calcium deficiency significantly reduced the incidence of BER (from 26.67% to 6.67%) and effectively increased calcium ion content in leaves, stems, and roots. At the physiological level, BR treatment markedly enhanced the activities of CAT, POD, and SOD in leaves (by 105.70%, 117.12%, and 82.77%, respectively), while reducing H2O2 and MDA contents (by 36.90% and 16.38%, respectively). This indicates that BR alleviates membrane lipid peroxidation damage by enhancing the antioxidant defense system. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily involved in biological processes, such as secondary metabolic processes, response to oxygen-containing compounds, and cell wall organization. KEGG pathway analysis further indicated significant enrichment in pathways, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant–pathogen interaction. Additionally, key genes, such as the cytochrome c oxidase (COX) gene (Solyc03g013460.1), exhibited a gradient up-regulation pattern (root > stem > leaf) in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In conclusion, BR likely enhances tomato tolerance to calcium deficiency stress and effectively reduces BER incidence through multiple pathways: regulating calcium absorption and distribution, activating the antioxidant system, modulating hormone signaling pathways, and enhancing energy metabolism. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of BR in agricultural production.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
BR reduced blossom-end rot incidence under calcium deficiency from 26.67% to 6.67%.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- foliar application of BR under calcium deficiencye0
- Outcome
- incidence of BERe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- from 26.67% to 6.67%e0
- Comparator
- calcium deficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that foliar application of BR under calcium deficiency significantly reduced the incidence of BER (from 26.67% to 6.67%) and effectively increased calcium ion content in leaves, stems, and roots.”
t0“Brassinolide Application Mitigates Blossom-End Rot in Tomato by Enhancing Calcium Homeostasis and Antioxidant Defense Under Calcium Deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
BR increased calcium ion content in leaves, stems and roots under calcium deficiency.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of BR under calcium deficiencye0
- Outcome
- calcium ion content in leaves, stems, and rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- calcium deficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that foliar application of BR under calcium deficiency significantly reduced the incidence of BER (from 26.67% to 6.67%) and effectively increased calcium ion content in leaves, stems, and roots.”
t0“Brassinolide Application Mitigates Blossom-End Rot in Tomato by Enhancing Calcium Homeostasis and Antioxidant Defense Under Calcium Deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
BR treatment enhanced leaf CAT by 105.70%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- BR treatmente0
- Outcome
- CATe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 105.70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the physiological level, BR treatment markedly enhanced the activities of CAT, POD, and SOD in leaves (by 105.70%, 117.12%, and 82.77%, respectively), while reducing H2O2 and MDA contents (by 36.90% and 16.38%, respectively).”
t0“Brassinolide Application Mitigates Blossom-End Rot in Tomato by Enhancing Calcium Homeostasis and Antioxidant Defense Under Calcium Deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
BR treatment enhanced leaf POD by 117.12%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- BR treatmente0
- Outcome
- PODe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 117.12%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the physiological level, BR treatment markedly enhanced the activities of CAT, POD, and SOD in leaves (by 105.70%, 117.12%, and 82.77%, respectively), while reducing H2O2 and MDA contents (by 36.90% and 16.38%, respectively).”
t0“Brassinolide Application Mitigates Blossom-End Rot in Tomato by Enhancing Calcium Homeostasis and Antioxidant Defense Under Calcium Deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
BR treatment enhanced leaf SOD by 82.77%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- BR treatmente0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 82.77%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the physiological level, BR treatment markedly enhanced the activities of CAT, POD, and SOD in leaves (by 105.70%, 117.12%, and 82.77%, respectively), while reducing H2O2 and MDA contents (by 36.90% and 16.38%, respectively).”
t0“Brassinolide Application Mitigates Blossom-End Rot in Tomato by Enhancing Calcium Homeostasis and Antioxidant Defense Under Calcium Deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
BR treatment reducing leaf H2O2 by 36.90%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- BR treatmente0
- Outcome
- H2O2e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 36.90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the physiological level, BR treatment markedly enhanced the activities of CAT, POD, and SOD in leaves (by 105.70%, 117.12%, and 82.77%, respectively), while reducing H2O2 and MDA contents (by 36.90% and 16.38%, respectively).”
t0“Brassinolide Application Mitigates Blossom-End Rot in Tomato by Enhancing Calcium Homeostasis and Antioxidant Defense Under Calcium Deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
BR treatment reducing leaf MDA by 16.38%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- BR treatmente0
- Outcome
- MDAe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 16.38%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the physiological level, BR treatment markedly enhanced the activities of CAT, POD, and SOD in leaves (by 105.70%, 117.12%, and 82.77%, respectively), while reducing H2O2 and MDA contents (by 36.90% and 16.38%, respectively).”
t0“Brassinolide Application Mitigates Blossom-End Rot in Tomato by Enhancing Calcium Homeostasis and Antioxidant Defense Under Calcium Deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Differentially expressed genes were enriched in secondary metabolism, oxygen-compound response and cell-wall organization.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e0
- Outcome
- secondary metabolic processes, response to oxygen-containing compounds, and cell wall organizatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily involved in biological processes, such as secondary metabolic processes, response to oxygen-containing compounds, and cell wall organization.”
t0“Brassinolide Application Mitigates Blossom-End Rot in Tomato by Enhancing Calcium Homeostasis and Antioxidant Defense Under Calcium Deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
KEGG analysis found enrichment in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, hormone signaling and plant–pathogen interaction pathways.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant–pathogen interactione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KEGG pathway analysis further indicated significant enrichment in pathways, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant–pathogen interaction.”
t0“Brassinolide Application Mitigates Blossom-End Rot in Tomato by Enhancing Calcium Homeostasis and Antioxidant Defense Under Calcium Deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
The COX gene had an up-regulation gradient of root greater than stem greater than leaf.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- cytochrome c oxidase (COX) gene (Solyc03g013460.1)e0
- Outcome
- gradient up-regulation patterne0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
- Qualifier
- root > stem > leafe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, key genes, such as the cytochrome c oxidase (COX) gene (Solyc03g013460.1), exhibited a gradient up-regulation pattern (root > stem > leaf) in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway.”
t0“Brassinolide Application Mitigates Blossom-End Rot in Tomato by Enhancing Calcium Homeostasis and Antioxidant Defense Under Calcium Deficiency”
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