Abstract
The choice of photovoltaic technology is crucial for efficient simultaneous crop and energy production, especially for tomato, one of the most economically significant greenhouse crops in arid and semi-arid regions. This study systematically compares four greenhouses: control (C), shading net (SC), and two commercially available semi-transparent PV technologies, monocrystalline silicon (PV-Si) and cadmium telluride thin-film (PV-TF). The effects of each configuration on light availability, microclimate, and yield were evaluated across two growing seasons. During the winter–spring cycle, only the C and PV-Si greenhouses maintained daily light integral (DLI) values above the minimum threshold required for optimal crop development. Despite a similar number of fruits, the PV-Si greenhouse produced fruits with a mean weight 25% higher than the control, which was attributed to more favourable nighttime air temperatures and higher soil moisture. In the spring–summer cycle, although all the treatments exceeded the critical DLI threshold, photosynthetic activity in the SC and PV-TF greenhouses was restricted during key periods of the photoperiod, resulting in reduced yields. In contrast, the checkerboard configuration of the PV-Si panels allowed sufficient light transmission throughout both cycles, preventing shade-avoidance responses and maintaining yield levels comparable to or exceeding the control. The PV-Si system generated a total of 726.8 kWh over the study period, outperforming the PV-TF system. PV-induced shading moderated springtime temperature fluctuations but was insufficient to mitigate peak summer temperatures. Overall, the PV-Si system effectively balanced solar radiation management, thermal regulation, and energy production, demonstrating its potential as a suitable technology for agrivoltaic applications.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
In the winter–spring cycle, only the control and PV-Si greenhouses kept daily light integral above the minimum threshold for tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Outcome
- daily light integral (DLI) valuese1
- Qualifier
- minimum threshold required for optimal crop developmente1
- Setting
- winter–spring cyclee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato cultivation”
e1“During the winter–spring cycle, only the C and PV-Si greenhouses maintained daily light integral (DLI) values above the minimum threshold required for optimal crop development”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute the higher mean fruit weight in the PV-Si greenhouse to more favourable nighttime air temperatures and higher soil moisture.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- mean weighte2
- Qualifier
- more favourable nighttime air temperatures and higher soil moisturee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato cultivation”
e2“the PV-Si greenhouse produced fruits with a mean weight 25% higher than the control”
e4“which was attributed to more favourable nighttime air temperatures and higher soil moisture”
Claim · model-written summary
The PV-Si greenhouse produced tomato fruits with a mean weight 25% higher than the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse2
- Treatment
- PV-Si greenhousee2
- Outcome
- mean weighte2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 25%e2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato cultivation”
e2“the PV-Si greenhouse produced fruits with a mean weight 25% higher than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of tomato fruits was similar across the compared greenhouses.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- number of fruitse3
- Direction
- similare3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato cultivation”
e3“Despite a similar number of fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
In the spring–summer cycle, all treatments exceeded the critical DLI threshold for tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- critical DLI thresholde5
- Direction
- exceedede5
- Setting
- spring–summer cyclee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato cultivation”
e5“In the spring–summer cycle, although all the treatments exceeded the critical DLI threshold”
Claim · model-written summary
The shading net and PV-TF greenhouses restricted photosynthetic activity during key periods of the photoperiod in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SC and PV-TF greenhousese6
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activitye6
- Direction
- restrictede6
- Qualifier
- during key periods of the photoperiode6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato cultivation”
e6“photosynthetic activity in the SC and PV-TF greenhouses was restricted during key periods of the photoperiod”
Claim · model-written summary
The shading net and PV-TF greenhouses reduced tomato yields.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SC and PV-TF greenhousese6
- Outcome
- yieldse7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato cultivation”
e6“photosynthetic activity in the SC and PV-TF greenhouses was restricted during key periods of the photoperiod”
e7“resulting in reduced yields”
Claim · model-written summary
The checkerboard configuration of PV-Si panels allowed sufficient light transmission throughout both cycles in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- checkerboard configuration of the PV-Si panelse0
- Outcome
- light transmissione0
- Direction
- allowede0
- Qualifier
- throughout both cyclese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato cultivation”
e0“the checkerboard configuration of the PV-Si panels allowed sufficient light transmission throughout both cycles”
Claim · model-written summary
The checkerboard configuration of PV-Si panels prevented shade-avoidance responses in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- checkerboard configuration of the PV-Si panelse0
- Outcome
- shade-avoidance responsese1
- Direction
- preventinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato cultivation”
e0“the checkerboard configuration of the PV-Si panels allowed sufficient light transmission throughout both cycles”
e1“preventing shade-avoidance responses and maintaining yield levels comparable to or exceeding the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The checkerboard configuration of PV-Si panels maintained tomato yield levels comparable to or exceeding the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- checkerboard configuration of the PV-Si panelse0
- Outcome
- yield levelse1
- Direction
- comparable to or exceedinge1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato cultivation”
e0“the checkerboard configuration of the PV-Si panels allowed sufficient light transmission throughout both cycles”
e1“preventing shade-avoidance responses and maintaining yield levels comparable to or exceeding the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The PV-Si system generated 726.8 kWh over the study period, outperforming the PV-TF system.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PV-Si systeme2
- Outcome
- generatede2
- Direction
- outperforminge2
- Value
- 726.8 kWhe2
- Comparator
- PV-TF systeme2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato cultivation”
e2“The PV-Si system generated a total of 726.8 kWh over the study period, outperforming the PV-TF system”
Claim · model-written summary
PV-induced shading moderated springtime temperature fluctuations in tomato greenhouses.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PV-induced shadinge3
- Outcome
- springtime temperature fluctuationse3
- Direction
- moderatede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato cultivation”
e3“PV-induced shading moderated springtime temperature fluctuations but was insufficient to mitigate peak summer temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
PV-induced shading was insufficient to mitigate peak summer temperatures in tomato greenhouses.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PV-induced shadinge3
- Outcome
- peak summer temperaturese3
- Direction
- insufficient to mitigatee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato cultivation”
e3“PV-induced shading moderated springtime temperature fluctuations but was insufficient to mitigate peak summer temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
The PV-Si system is a suitable technology for agrivoltaic applications in tomato production.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- suitable technology for agrivoltaic applicationse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato cultivation”
e4“demonstrating its potential as a suitable technology for agrivoltaic applications”
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.