Abstract
Molybdenum (Mo), an essential micronutrient for plant physiology, impacts plant growth by regulating physiological activities, modulating gene expression, and altering metabolite content. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to Mo remain poorly characterized. In this study, low concentrations of Mo increased the growth of foxtail millet, while high concentrations of Mo suppressed its growth. Consequently, we utilized extensive physiological and biochemical assays, along with molecular investigations, to decipher the response pathways of Setaria italica to varying levels of Mo. Using physiological profiling as a foundation, RNA-seq characterized the transcriptome of foxtail millet exposed to varying Mo levels, uncovering crucial pathways such as phenylpropanoid synthesis, starch metabolism, hormone signaling, and flavonoid and carotenoid metabolism. Results showed that there were more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 8 mg L− 1 Mo compared to other concentrations, indicating that foxtail millet had a stronger response at this threshold. Compared to the 8 mg L− 1 treatment, the 15 mg L− 1 treatment inhibited starch and sucrose metabolism while enhancing phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. High Mo levels up-regulated key carotenoid biosynthesis genes (such as 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 4, NCED4, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 5, NCED5, zeta-carotene desaturase, ZDS) and modulated hormone signaling, optimizing starch-sucrose regulation and boosting stress resilience in foxtail millet. In conclusion, these results indicate that upraoptimal Mo affects physiological activity of foxtail millet by carbon and nitrogen cycle imbalance, antioxidant system impairment, and ultimately growth suppression, thereby delineating key regulatory nodes in response to Mo in foxtail millet.They improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of foxtail millet response to Mo, providing some insights into Mo’s role in crop management, potentially aiding in fertilization strategies for improved resilience and productivity.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Low Mo concentrations increased the growth of foxtail millet.
- Taxon
- foxtail millet
Setaria italicae1 - Treatment
- low concentrations of Moe1
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Setaria Italica L.”
e1“low concentrations of Mo increased the growth of foxtail millet”
Claim · model-written summary
High Mo concentrations suppressed the growth of foxtail millet.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicae1
- Treatment
- high concentrations of Moe2
- Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- suppressede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Setaria Italica L.”
e1“low concentrations of Mo increased the growth of foxtail millet”
e2“high concentrations of Mo suppressed its growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The 8 mg L− 1 Mo treatment produced more differentially expressed genes than other concentrations.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicae1
- Treatment
- 8 mg L− 1 Moe3
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e3
- Direction
- moree3
- Qualifier
- stronger response at this thresholde3
- Comparator
- other concentrationse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Setaria Italica L.”
e1“low concentrations of Mo increased the growth of foxtail millet”
e3“there were more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 8 mg L− 1 Mo compared to other concentrations, indicating that foxtail millet had a stronger response at this threshold”
Claim · model-written summary
The 15 mg L− 1 Mo treatment inhibited starch and sucrose metabolism compared with 8 mg L− 1.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicae1
- Treatment
- 15 mg L− 1 treatmente4
- Outcome
- starch and sucrose metabolisme4
- Direction
- inhibitede4
- Comparator
- 8 mg L− 1 treatmente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Setaria Italica L.”
e1“low concentrations of Mo increased the growth of foxtail millet”
e4“Compared to the 8 mg L− 1 treatment, the 15 mg L− 1 treatment inhibited starch and sucrose metabolism while enhancing phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
The 15 mg L− 1 Mo treatment enhanced phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis compared with 8 mg L− 1.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicae1
- Treatment
- 15 mg L− 1 treatmente4
- Outcome
- phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesise4
- Direction
- enhancinge4
- Comparator
- 8 mg L− 1 treatmente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Setaria Italica L.”
e1“low concentrations of Mo increased the growth of foxtail millet”
e4“Compared to the 8 mg L− 1 treatment, the 15 mg L− 1 treatment inhibited starch and sucrose metabolism while enhancing phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
High Mo levels up-regulated key carotenoid biosynthesis genes.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicae1
- Treatment
- High Mo levelse5
- Gene
- 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 4, NCED4, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 5, NCED5, zeta-carotene desaturase, ZDSe5
- Outcome
- carotenoid biosynthesis genese5
- Direction
- up-regulatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Setaria Italica L.”
e1“low concentrations of Mo increased the growth of foxtail millet”
e5“High Mo levels up-regulated key carotenoid biosynthesis genes (such as 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 4, NCED4, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 5, NCED5, zeta-carotene desaturase, ZDS)”
Claim · model-written summary
High Mo levels modulated hormone signaling in foxtail millet.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicae6
- Treatment
- High Mo levelse5
- Outcome
- hormone signalinge6
- Qualifier
- modulatede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Setaria Italica L.”
e1“low concentrations of Mo increased the growth of foxtail millet”
e5“High Mo levels up-regulated key carotenoid biosynthesis genes (such as 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 4, NCED4, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 5, NCED5, zeta-carotene desaturase, ZDS)”
e6“modulated hormone signaling, optimizing starch-sucrose regulation and boosting stress resilience in foxtail millet”
Claim · model-written summary
High Mo levels boosted stress resilience in foxtail millet.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicae6
- Treatment
- High Mo levelse5
- Outcome
- stress resiliencee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Setaria Italica L.”
e1“low concentrations of Mo increased the growth of foxtail millet”
e5“High Mo levels up-regulated key carotenoid biosynthesis genes (such as 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 4, NCED4, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 5, NCED5, zeta-carotene desaturase, ZDS)”
e6“modulated hormone signaling, optimizing starch-sucrose regulation and boosting stress resilience in foxtail millet”
Claim · model-written summary
RNA-seq of foxtail millet under varying Mo levels identified crucial pathways including phenylpropanoid synthesis, starch metabolism and hormone signaling.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicae1
- Outcome
- crucial pathwayse7
- Qualifier
- phenylpropanoid synthesis, starch metabolism, hormone signalinge7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Setaria Italica L.”
e1“low concentrations of Mo increased the growth of foxtail millet”
e7“uncovering crucial pathways such as phenylpropanoid synthesis, starch metabolism, hormone signaling, and flavonoid and carotenoid metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Supra-optimal Mo affected foxtail millet physiology through carbon and nitrogen cycle imbalance and antioxidant impairment, ultimately suppressing growth.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicae2
- Treatment
- upraoptimal Moe2
- Outcome
- growth suppressione2
- Qualifier
- carbon and nitrogen cycle imbalance, antioxidant system impairmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Setaria Italica L.”
e1“low concentrations of Mo increased the growth of foxtail millet”
e2“upraoptimal Mo affects physiological activity of foxtail millet by carbon and nitrogen cycle imbalance, antioxidant system impairment, and ultimately growth suppression”
The same questions in other papers
molybdenum atom · growth · Setaria italica (foxtail millet)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.