Abstract
Early flowering is a key element of the rice speed-breeding protocol that enables improved genetic gain and accelerates the cultivation of new varieties. Although far-red light (FR) is commonly used to modulate plant developmental processes, the mechanisms by which it influences flowering and growth in rice are poorly understood. In this study, the control treatment (CK) consisted of red-blue-green composite light at 300 μmol m−2 s−1, while two additional treatments were applied: one with the photon flux density (PFD) increased to 350 μmol m−2 s−1 (HI—high intensity) under the same light spectrum as CK, and the other supplemented with 50 μmol m−2 s−1 of FR based on CK. The results demonstrated that both elevated PFD and supplemental FR significantly enhanced vegetative growth, as evidenced by increased plant height, tiller number, leaf area, and biomass accumulation, along with improved photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence. Under the FR treatment, flowering occurred 53 days after transplanting, which was 12 days and 9 days earlier than in the CK and HI treatments, respectively. Physiological profiling revealed that FR enrichment significantly increased leaf soluble sugar and starch levels, while simultaneously decreasing chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations. FR also reshaped the endogenous hormonal profile, which was marked by elevated levels of gibberellin (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA), and reduced auxin (IAA) content. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that FR enrichment activated the circadian rhythm pathway and upregulated genes associated with photoperiodic flowering and inflorescence development. In summary, FR promotes rice growth and early flowering through the integrated regulation of leaf area expansion, enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, hormonal rebalancing, and activation of flowering gene expression. This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for optimizing light environments and improving the economic viability of crop speed breeding systems in controlled environmental facilities.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated photon flux density increased rice plant height, tiller number, leaf area, and biomass.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- elevated PFDe0
- Outcome
- plant height, tiller number, leaf area, and biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Flowering”
e0“both elevated PFD and supplemental FR significantly enhanced vegetative growth, as evidenced by increased plant height, tiller number, leaf area, and biomass accumulation, along with improved photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence.”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental far-red light increased rice plant height, tiller number, leaf area, and biomass.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- supplemental FRe0
- Outcome
- plant height, tiller number, leaf area, and biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Flowering”
e0“both elevated PFD and supplemental FR significantly enhanced vegetative growth, as evidenced by increased plant height, tiller number, leaf area, and biomass accumulation, along with improved photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated photon flux density improved rice photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- elevated PFDe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescencee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Flowering”
e0“both elevated PFD and supplemental FR significantly enhanced vegetative growth, as evidenced by increased plant height, tiller number, leaf area, and biomass accumulation, along with improved photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence.”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental far-red light improved rice photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- supplemental FRe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescencee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Flowering”
e0“both elevated PFD and supplemental FR significantly enhanced vegetative growth, as evidenced by increased plant height, tiller number, leaf area, and biomass accumulation, along with improved photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence.”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red light induced rice flowering 53 days after transplanting, 12 days earlier than control.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FR treatmente0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- 53 days after transplantinge0
- Qualifier
- 12 dayse0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Flowering”
e0“Under the FR treatment, flowering occurred 53 days after transplanting, which was 12 days and 9 days earlier than in the CK and HI treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red light induced rice flowering 9 days earlier than high intensity light.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FR treatmente0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- 9 dayse0
- Comparator
- HIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Flowering”
e0“Under the FR treatment, flowering occurred 53 days after transplanting, which was 12 days and 9 days earlier than in the CK and HI treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red enrichment increased rice leaf soluble sugar and starch levels.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FR enrichmente0
- Outcome
- leaf soluble sugar and starch levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Flowering”
e0“FR enrichment significantly increased leaf soluble sugar and starch levels, while simultaneously decreasing chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations.”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red enrichment decreased rice chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FR enrichmente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Flowering”
e0“FR enrichment significantly increased leaf soluble sugar and starch levels, while simultaneously decreasing chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations.”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red light elevated rice gibberellin and abscisic acid levels.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FRe0
- Outcome
- levels of gibberellin (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Flowering”
e0“FR also reshaped the endogenous hormonal profile, which was marked by elevated levels of gibberellin (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA), and reduced auxin (IAA) content.”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red light reduced rice auxin content.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FRe0
- Outcome
- auxin (IAA) contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Flowering”
e0“FR also reshaped the endogenous hormonal profile, which was marked by elevated levels of gibberellin (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA), and reduced auxin (IAA) content.”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red enrichment activated the rice circadian rhythm pathway.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FR enrichmente0
- Outcome
- circadian rhythm pathwaye0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Flowering”
e0“FR enrichment activated the circadian rhythm pathway and upregulated genes associated with photoperiodic flowering and inflorescence development.”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red enrichment upregulated rice genes associated with flowering and inflorescence development.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FR enrichmente0
- Outcome
- genes associated with photoperiodic flowering and inflorescence developmente0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Flowering”
e0“FR enrichment activated the circadian rhythm pathway and upregulated genes associated with photoperiodic flowering and inflorescence development.”
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