Abstract
Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera is a promising Cd phytoremediation agent, however, the metal uptake and accumulation mechanism remain poorly understood. This study focused on the 2-hours early responses associated with Cd uptake and temporary Cd retention in roots. To distinguish Cd-specific responses from shared divalent metal responses, transcriptomic analyses were performed on roots exposed to Cd compared to excess Zn. Cd exposure induced a clearly larger number of differentially expressed genes than higher concentration of Zn exposure, indicating a distinct early response to Cd. Genes encoding transporters such as PCR2, DTX1, PDR8, PDR12, CAX4, MHX1, and ABCC2 were highly upregulated during the early exposure phase. Cd retention in roots may be mediated by these transporters, which could contribute to Cd efflux into the apoplast or vacuolar sequestration. Further, genes involved in intracellular Cd chelation, including those encoding glutathione, HIPPs, and HMPs protein, were upregulated rather than genes encoding phytochelatins. Additionally, upregulation of genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling was observed, suggesting a structural modification occurs during early Cd exposure, contributing to reinforcement and temporary Cd storage before translocation. This hypothesis is supported by increased lignification in root tissues and the accumulation of Cd in the apoplastic region, indicating that cell wall serves as sequestration site in A. halleri.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure induced more differentially expressed genes than a higher Zn concentration in Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera
_IMG_7443.JPG?width=60)
Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmiferat0 - Treatment
- Cd exposuree0
- Outcome
- number of differentially expressed genese0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- higher concentration of Zn exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_IMG_7443.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Cd exposure induced a clearly larger number of differentially expressed genes than higher concentration of Zn exposure”
t0“Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera”
Claim · model-written summary
PCR2, DTX1 and PDR8 transporter genes were highly upregulated during early Cd exposure.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmiferaArabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmiferat0
- Treatment
- Cde1
- Gene
- PCR2, DTX1, PDR8e0
- Outcome
- Genes encoding transporterse0
- Direction
- highly upregulatede0
- Qualifier
- early exposure phasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genes encoding transporters such as PCR2, DTX1, PDR8, PDR12, CAX4, MHX1, and ABCC2 were highly upregulated during the early exposure phase.”
t0“Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera”
e1“roots exposed to Cd compared to excess Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
PDR12, CAX4 and MHX1 transporter genes were highly upregulated during early Cd exposure.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmiferaArabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmiferat0
- Treatment
- Cde1
- Gene
- PDR12, CAX4, MHX1e0
- Outcome
- Genes encoding transporterse0
- Direction
- highly upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genes encoding transporters such as PCR2, DTX1, PDR8, PDR12, CAX4, MHX1, and ABCC2 were highly upregulated during the early exposure phase.”
t0“Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera”
e1“roots exposed to Cd compared to excess Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
ABCC2 transporter genes were highly upregulated during early Cd exposure.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmiferaArabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmiferat0
- Treatment
- Cde1
- Gene
- ABCC2e0
- Outcome
- Genes encoding transporterse0
- Direction
- highly upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genes encoding transporters such as PCR2, DTX1, PDR8, PDR12, CAX4, MHX1, and ABCC2 were highly upregulated during the early exposure phase.”
t0“Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera”
e1“roots exposed to Cd compared to excess Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
The transporters may mediate root Cd retention through apoplastic efflux or vacuolar sequestration.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmiferaArabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmiferat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Cd retention in rootse0
- Qualifier
- could contribute to Cd efflux into the apoplast or vacuolar sequestratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd retention in roots may be mediated by these transporters, which could contribute to Cd efflux into the apoplast or vacuolar sequestration.”
t0“Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera”
Claim · model-written summary
Genes for intracellular Cd chelation, including those encoding glutathione, HIPPs and HMPs protein, were upregulated rather than phytochelatin-encoding genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmiferaArabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmiferat0
- Treatment
- Cde1
- Outcome
- genes involved in intracellular Cd chelatione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Qualifier
- rather than genes encoding phytochelatinse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genes involved in intracellular Cd chelation, including those encoding glutathione, HIPPs, and HMPs protein, were upregulated rather than genes encoding phytochelatins.”
t0“Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera”
e1“roots exposed to Cd compared to excess Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell-wall biosynthesis and remodeling genes were upregulated during early Cd exposure.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmiferaArabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmiferat0
- Treatment
- early Cd exposuree0
- Outcome
- genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and remodelinge0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulation of genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling was observed, suggesting a structural modification occurs during early Cd exposure”
t0“Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera”
Claim · model-written summary
Early Cd exposure may modify cell-wall structure to reinforce it and store Cd temporarily before translocation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmiferaArabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmiferat0
- Treatment
- early Cd exposuree0
- Outcome
- reinforcement and temporary Cd storagee0
- Qualifier
- structural modificatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting a structural modification occurs during early Cd exposure, contributing to reinforcement and temporary Cd storage before translocation.”
t0“Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera”
Claim · model-written summary
Root tissue lignification increased during the early Cd response.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmiferaArabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmiferat0
- Organ / stage
- root tissuese0
- Treatment
- early Cd exposuree1
- Outcome
- lignificatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased lignification in root tissues and the accumulation of Cd in the apoplastic region”
t0“Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera”
e1“during early Cd exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd accumulated in the apoplastic region.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmiferaArabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmiferat0
- Organ / stage
- apoplastic regione0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the accumulation of Cd in the apoplastic region”
t0“Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera”
Claim · model-written summary
The cell wall serves as a Cd sequestration site in A. halleri.
- Taxon
- A. halleriArabidopsis hallerie0
- Organ / stage
- cell walle0
- Outcome
- sequestration sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indicating that cell wall serves as sequestration site in A. halleri.”