Abstract
Garlic is a widely cultivated vegetable valued for its health-promoting compounds. This study investigated the effects of humic acid (HA) and potassium (K) on garlic productivity, bioactive compounds, and nutrient uptake. A field trial was conducted to evaluate treatments combining potassium sulfate (120 and 150 kg K₂O ha⁻¹) and humic acid (10 and 20 kg ha⁻¹). Potassium and humic acid significantly enhanced garlic performance, with combined treatments producing the most potent effects. Applying humic and K significantly increased productivity. Photosynthetic pigments increased up to 22% for chlorophylls and 45.7% for carotenoids, improving photosynthesis and photoprotection. HA raised TSS by 20% and vitamin C by 32%. Potassium enhanced TSS by 24%, carbohydrates by 3%, and vitamin C by 28%. Combined treatments maximized TSS (+32%) and vitamin C (+38%), with polyphenols restored to 40%. Bioactive compounds, metabolites, and antioxidants were enhanced, with proline up to 45%, H₂O₂ up to 55.7%, APX up to 25%, SOD up to 42%, and CAT up to 25–79%, indicating improved osmotic and oxidative management. Nutrient uptake (N, P, Ca, Mg, S, and K) improved markedly, highlighting balanced nutrient allocation from leaves to cloves. Moderate combinations (K120+HA10) maximized yield, improved photosynthetic pigments, increased vitamin C and total soluble solids, and balanced nutrient allocation between cloves and leaves. These results demonstrate that integrating HA and K provides a practical strategy to support sustainable production under nutrient-efficient management.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid and potassium increased garlic productivity.
- Taxon
- garlic
Allium sativume1 - Treatment
- humic and Ke0
- Outcome
- productivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying humic and K significantly increased productivity”
e1“garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic pigments rose up to 22% for chlorophylls.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Outcome
- chlorophyllse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic pigments increased up to 22% for chlorophylls and 45.7% for carotenoids”
e1“potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Carotenoids rose up to 45.7%.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 45.7%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic pigments increased up to 22% for chlorophylls and 45.7% for carotenoids”
e1“potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid raised TSS by 20%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HA raised TSS by 20% and vitamin C by 32%”
e1“humic acid (HA) and potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid raised vitamin C by 32%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HA raised TSS by 20% and vitamin C by 32%”
e1“humic acid (HA) and potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium enhanced TSS by 24%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium enhanced TSS by 24%, carbohydrates by 3%, and vitamin C by 28%”
e1“potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium enhanced carbohydrates by 3%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium enhanced TSS by 24%, carbohydrates by 3%, and vitamin C by 28%”
e1“potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium enhanced vitamin C by 28%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium enhanced TSS by 24%, carbohydrates by 3%, and vitamin C by 28%”
e1“potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatments maximized TSS at +32%.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Treatment
- Combined treatmentse0
- Outcome
- TSSe0
- Direction
- maximizede0
- Value
- +32%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined treatments maximized TSS (+32%) and vitamin C (+38%), with polyphenols restored to 40%”
e1“potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatments maximized vitamin C at +38%.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Treatment
- Combined treatmentse0
- Outcome
- vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- maximizede0
- Value
- +38%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined treatments maximized TSS (+32%) and vitamin C (+38%), with polyphenols restored to 40%”
e1“potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatments restored polyphenols to 40%.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Treatment
- Combined treatmentse0
- Outcome
- polyphenolse0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Value
- 40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined treatments maximized TSS (+32%) and vitamin C (+38%), with polyphenols restored to 40%”
e1“potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment enhanced proline up to 45%.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 45%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bioactive compounds, metabolites, and antioxidants were enhanced, with proline up to 45%, H₂O₂ up to 55.7%, APX up to 25%, SOD up to 42%, and CAT up to 25–79%”
e1“humic acid (HA) and potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment enhanced H₂O₂ up to 55.7%.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Outcome
- H₂O₂e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 55.7%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bioactive compounds, metabolites, and antioxidants were enhanced, with proline up to 45%, H₂O₂ up to 55.7%, APX up to 25%, SOD up to 42%, and CAT up to 25–79%”
e1“humic acid (HA) and potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment enhanced APX up to 25%.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Outcome
- APXe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 25%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bioactive compounds, metabolites, and antioxidants were enhanced, with proline up to 45%, H₂O₂ up to 55.7%, APX up to 25%, SOD up to 42%, and CAT up to 25–79%”
e1“humic acid (HA) and potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment enhanced SOD up to 42%.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 42%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bioactive compounds, metabolites, and antioxidants were enhanced, with proline up to 45%, H₂O₂ up to 55.7%, APX up to 25%, SOD up to 42%, and CAT up to 25–79%”
e1“humic acid (HA) and potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment enhanced CAT up to 25–79%.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Outcome
- CATe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 25–79%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bioactive compounds, metabolites, and antioxidants were enhanced, with proline up to 45%, H₂O₂ up to 55.7%, APX up to 25%, SOD up to 42%, and CAT up to 25–79%”
e1“humic acid (HA) and potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments improved uptake of N, P and Ca.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Outcome
- Nutrient uptake (N, P, Cae0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nutrient uptake (N, P, Ca, Mg, S, and K) improved markedly”
e1“humic acid (HA) and potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments improved uptake of Mg, S and K.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Outcome
- Mg, S, and Ke0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nutrient uptake (N, P, Ca, Mg, S, and K) improved markedly”
e1“humic acid (HA) and potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
K120+HA10 maximized garlic yield.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Treatment
- K120+HA10e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- maximizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moderate combinations (K120+HA10) maximized yield, improved photosynthetic pigments, increased vitamin C and total soluble solids, and balanced nutrient allocation between cloves and leaves”
e1“potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
K120+HA10 improved pigments, vitamin C, soluble solids and nutrient allocation.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Treatment
- K120+HA10e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, increased vitamin C and total soluble solidse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moderate combinations (K120+HA10) maximized yield, improved photosynthetic pigments, increased vitamin C and total soluble solids, and balanced nutrient allocation between cloves and leaves”
e1“potassium (K) on garlic productivity”
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