Abstract
To feed the world's growing population, the agriculture sector has recently had to strike a balance between reducing its detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health and boosting resource efficiency and production. In reality, pesticides and fertilizers are vital to agriculture and are useful instruments that farmers can employ to increase yield and guarantee steady productivity throughout the seasons under both favorable and unfavorable conditions. Therefore, in the present study, fertilizing with potassium citrate as a foliar spray and humic acid (HA) as a soil application allowed for the evaluation of vegetative growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves/plant), total phenolic content, total carbohydrate, antioxidant activity, the essential oil (EO) composition, and bulb yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.). These were carried out in two field experiments throughout the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 growth seasons. A gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) apparatus was performed to determine the chemical composition of the isolated EOs. The antifungal activity of the EOs was assessed against two fungi, Fusarium proliferatum and Macrophomina phaseolina, that cause geranium plants to wilt and decay. The findings indicated that applying HA at a rate of 2 g/L with potassium citrate at a rate of 5 or 10 mL/L produced garlic bulbs with the highest levels of productivity and diameter. The diverse treatments between HA with potassium citrate resulted in significant variations in the bioactive components, such as total phenol content, antioxidant activity, total carbohydrate, and sulfur content. The analysis of the EOs revealed the presence of dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide, methyl 2-propenyl trisulfide, allitridin, and methyl allyl disulfide and allyl tetrasulfide as main compounds. By gradually increasing the concentration of the garlic EO to 4000 µg/mL compared to the control, the inhibition percentage of fungal growth of F. proliferatum and M. phaseolina was increased. In conclusion, a high concentration of HA with potassium citrate (5 or 10 mL/L), may be suitable and highly appreciated as a fertilizer application to enhance the productivity and EOs content of garlic plants.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid at 2 g/L with potassium citrate at 5 mL/L produced the highest garlic bulb productivity.
- Taxon
- garlic
Allium sativume0 - Treatment
- HA at a rate of 2 g/L with potassium citrate at a rate of 5 or 10 mL/Le0
- Outcome
- productivitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applying HA at a rate of 2 g/L with potassium citrate at a rate of 5 or 10 mL/L produced garlic bulbs with the highest levels of productivity and diameter”
e1“garlic (Allium sativum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid with potassium citrate produced garlic bulbs with the highest diameter.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- HA at a rate of 2 g/L with potassium citrate at a rate of 5 or 10 mL/Le0
- Outcome
- diametere0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applying HA at a rate of 2 g/L with potassium citrate at a rate of 5 or 10 mL/L produced garlic bulbs with the highest levels of productivity and diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid and potassium citrate treatments significantly varied total phenol content in garlic.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- HA with potassium citratee0
- Outcome
- total phenol contente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The diverse treatments between HA with potassium citrate resulted in significant variations in the bioactive components, such as total phenol content, antioxidant activity, total carbohydrate, and sulfur content”
t0“garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid and potassium citrate treatments significantly varied garlic antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- HA with potassium citratee0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The diverse treatments between HA with potassium citrate resulted in significant variations in the bioactive components, such as total phenol content, antioxidant activity, total carbohydrate, and sulfur content”
t0“garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid and potassium citrate treatments significantly varied garlic total carbohydrate content.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- HA with potassium citratee0
- Outcome
- total carbohydratee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The diverse treatments between HA with potassium citrate resulted in significant variations in the bioactive components, such as total phenol content, antioxidant activity, total carbohydrate, and sulfur content”
t0“garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid and potassium citrate treatments significantly varied garlic sulfur content.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- HA with potassium citratee0
- Outcome
- sulfur contente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The diverse treatments between HA with potassium citrate resulted in significant variations in the bioactive components, such as total phenol content, antioxidant activity, total carbohydrate, and sulfur content”
t0“garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic essential oils contained dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide, and methyl 2-propenyl trisulfide as main compounds.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide, methyl 2-propenyl trisulfidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The analysis of the EOs revealed the presence of dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide, methyl 2-propenyl trisulfide, allitridin, and methyl allyl disulfide and allyl tetrasulfide as main compounds”
t0“garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic essential oils contained allitridin, methyl allyl disulfide, and allyl tetrasulfide as main compounds.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- allitridin, and methyl allyl disulfide and allyl tetrasulfidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The analysis of the EOs revealed the presence of dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide, methyl 2-propenyl trisulfide, allitridin, and methyl allyl disulfide and allyl tetrasulfide as main compounds”
t0“garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing garlic essential oil concentration to 4000 µg/mL increased inhibition of Fusarium proliferatum growth.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- garlic EO to 4000 µg/mLe0
- Interactor
- Fusarium proliferatumFusarium proliferatume1pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition percentage of fungal growth of F. proliferatume0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By gradually increasing the concentration of the garlic EO to 4000 µg/mL compared to the control, the inhibition percentage of fungal growth of F. proliferatum and M. phaseolina was increased”
e1“Fusarium proliferatum and Macrophomina phaseolina”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing garlic essential oil concentration to 4000 µg/mL increased inhibition of Macrophomina phaseolina growth.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- garlic EO to 4000 µg/mLe0
- Interactor
- Macrophomina phaseolina
Macrophomina phaseolinae1pathogen - Outcome
- inhibition percentage of fungal growth of F. proliferatum and M. phaseolinae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By gradually increasing the concentration of the garlic EO to 4000 µg/mL compared to the control, the inhibition percentage of fungal growth of F. proliferatum and M. phaseolina was increased”
e1“Fusarium proliferatum and Macrophomina phaseolina”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend high humic acid with potassium citrate at 5 or 10 mL/L to improve garlic productivity and essential oil content.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- HA with potassium citrate (5 or 10 mL/L)e0
- Outcome
- fertilizer application to enhance the productivity and EOs contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a high concentration of HA with potassium citrate (5 or 10 mL/L), may be suitable and highly appreciated as a fertilizer application to enhance the productivity and EOs content of garlic plants”
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See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.