Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are obligate plant parasites that can infect a broad spectrum of hosts, including both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Among strategies to control plant-parasitic nematodes, plant defense elicitors present a viable and environmentally friendly management approach. Melatonin is a signaling molecule that contributes to physiological processes, helping plants respond to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, its role in plant defense against parasitic nematodes has not yet been investigated. The expression of melatonin biosynthesis genes in galls formed upon nematode infection on tomato plants was investigated, and their expression profile indicated their involvement in defense processes. Foliar application of 100 μM melatonin on tomato plants decreased the number of galls and nematodes significantly. Biochemical assays showed that the activity of defense-related enzymes peaked two days after melatonin treatment. Concurrently, the expression of genes linked to the jasmonic acid pathway was significantly upregulated two days after melatonin post-treatment, indicating the contribution of the jasmonic acid pathway in the induction of resistance. Confirming this view, mutants deficient in the jasmonic acid pathway ( jasmonic acid–insensitive1-1 ( jai1-1 ) and JA-deficient mutant defenseless-1 ( def-1 )) failed to exhibit melatonin-mediated resistance. • Root-knot nematodes are recognized as some of the most destructive plant pathogens threatening tomato production worldwide • Root-knot nematode infection leads to early and local suppression of melatonin biosynthesis gene expression • Melatonin induces resistance to root-knot nematodes by activating the jasmonic acid pathway • Melatonin failed to enhance resistance to root-knot nematodes in plants deficient in jasmonic acid signaling ( jai1-1 ) and biosynthesis ( def-1 )
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar melatonin at 100 μM significantly decreased the number of galls and nematodes on tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- Foliar application of 100 μM melatonine1
- Outcome
- number of galls and nematodese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Foliar application of 100 μM melatonin on tomato plants decreased the number of galls and nematodes significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Activity of defense-related enzymes in tomato peaked two days after melatonin treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- melatonin treatmente2
- Outcome
- activity of defense-related enzymese2
- Direction
- peakede2
- Qualifier
- two days aftere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Foliar application of 100 μM melatonin on tomato plants”
e2“Biochemical assays showed that the activity of defense-related enzymes peaked two days after melatonin treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of jasmonic acid pathway genes in tomato was significantly upregulated two days after melatonin post-treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- melatonin post-treatmente2
- Compound
- jasmonic acide2
- Outcome
- expression of genes linked to the jasmonic acid pathwaye2
- Direction
- upregulatede2
- Qualifier
- two days aftere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Foliar application of 100 μM melatonin on tomato plants”
e2“the expression of genes linked to the jasmonic acid pathway was significantly upregulated two days after melatonin post-treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-knot nematode infection early and locally suppressed melatonin biosynthesis gene expression in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Root-knot nematode infectione2
- Interactor
- Root-knot nematode
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogynee2pest - Outcome
- melatonin biosynthesis gene expressione2
- Direction
- suppressione2
- Qualifier
- early and locale2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“melatonin biosynthesis genes in galls formed upon nematode infection on tomato plants”
e2“Root-knot nematode infection leads to early and local suppression of melatonin biosynthesis gene expression”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin did not induce resistance in jasmonic acid-deficient or -insensitive tomato mutants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Material
- jai1-1e2
- Compound
- jasmonic acide2
- Outcome
- melatonin-mediated resistancee2
- Qualifier
- JA-deficient mutant defenseless-1 ( def-1 )e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Foliar application of 100 μM melatonin on tomato plants”
e2“mutants deficient in the jasmonic acid pathway ( jasmonic acid–insensitive1-1 ( jai1-1 ) and JA-deficient mutant defenseless-1 ( def-1 )) failed to exhibit melatonin-mediated resistance”
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