Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.) is one of the important grain crops in China and a significant oilseed and high-protein dual-purpose crop both in China and worldwide. During soybean cultivation, continuous cropping obstacles are often encountered, which impede the growth and development of the crop and significantly reduce its yield and quality. Enhancing soybean’s resistance to autotoxicity has become an important research direction. Exogenous silicon (Si) plays a crucial role in the stress resistance regulation of crops, but the mechanism by which it alleviates autotoxicity remains unclear. We used soybean seeds (“ Zhonghuang 13 “) to assess how exogenous silicon (20 mM) affected the growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and activities of antioxidant enzymes and flavonoid-related enzymes of soybean seedlings under 4 mM Cinnamic acid(CA)-induced autotoxicity. The results showed that 4 mM CA induced autotoxicity could significantly reduce stem weight, stem fresh weight, root dry weight, root fresh weight, plant height and nodule number of soybean seedlings. Exogenous silicon can significantly improve these indexes of soybean seedlings under CA stress, and can also improve the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration of soybean seedlings under CA stress, and alleviate the inhibition of antioxidase activity induced by CA. In addition, exogenous silicon can reduce the flavonoid-related enzyme activity of soybean seedlings under CA stress, thus reducing the formation of lignin and alleviating the influence on root nodules. Through transcriptome analysis, it was found that under cinnamic acid stress, a total of 9235 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were responsive to exogenous silicon and involved in a variety of metabolic pathways and biosynthesis, including phenylpropanoid metabolism, hydrogen peroxide metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, nodulation process, plant hormone signal transduction, isoflavone biosynthesis, etc. These major metabolic and biosynthetic pathways may be the potential mechanisms by which exogenous silicon alleviates cinnamic acid stress on soybean seedlings. In addition, some members of the transcription factor family, such as AP2/ERF, C2H2, MYB, NAC, bHLH, and WRKY, may also contribute to exogenous silicon reducing cinnamic acid stress tolerance in soybean plants. This study has far-reaching significance to overcome the obstacle. In conclusion, the phenotypic, physiological and transcriptomic results demonstrated that the autotoxic substance cinnamic acid significantly inhibited the growth of soybeans. Exogenous sodium silicate could enhance the plant’s resistance to cinnamic acid stress by regulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes and phenylpropanoid pathway-related enzymes, as well as the expression of genes related to auxin, plant hormone signal transduction and phenylpropanoid synthesis, thereby alleviating the damage.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamic acid autotoxicity significantly reduced stem weight, stem fresh weight and root dry weight of soybean seedlings.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlings
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- 4 mM CA induced autotoxicitye1
- Outcome
- stem weight, stem fresh weight, root dry weighte1
- Direction
- reducee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results showed that 4 mM CA induced autotoxicity could significantly reduce stem weight, stem fresh weight, root dry weight, root fresh weight, plant height and nodule number of soybean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamic acid autotoxicity significantly reduced root fresh weight, plant height and nodule number of soybean seedlings.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- 4 mM CA induced autotoxicitye1
- Outcome
- root fresh weight, plant height and nodule numbere1
- Direction
- reducee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results showed that 4 mM CA induced autotoxicity could significantly reduce stem weight, stem fresh weight, root dry weight, root fresh weight, plant height and nodule number of soybean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous silicon significantly improved the growth indexes of soybean seedlings under cinnamic acid stress.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- Exogenous silicone3
- Outcome
- these indexese3
- Direction
- improvee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Exogenous silicon can significantly improve these indexes of soybean seedlings under CA stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous silicon improved net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of soybean seedlings under cinnamic acid stress.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxe4
- Treatment
- Exogenous silicone3
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductancee4
- Direction
- improvee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Exogenous silicon can significantly improve these indexes of soybean seedlings under CA stress”
e4“can also improve the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration of soybean seedlings under CA stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous silicon improved intercellular CO2 concentration of soybean seedlings under cinnamic acid stress.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxe4
- Treatment
- Exogenous silicone3
- Outcome
- intercellular CO2 concentratione4
- Direction
- improvee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Exogenous silicon can significantly improve these indexes of soybean seedlings under CA stress”
e4“can also improve the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration of soybean seedlings under CA stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous silicon alleviated the inhibition of antioxidase activity induced by cinnamic acid.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- Exogenous silicone3
- Outcome
- antioxidase activitye5
- Direction
- alleviatee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Exogenous silicon can significantly improve these indexes of soybean seedlings under CA stress”
e5“alleviate the inhibition of antioxidase activity induced by CA”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous silicon reduced flavonoid-related enzyme activity under cinnamic acid stress, thereby reducing lignin formation.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxe6
- Treatment
- exogenous silicone6
- Compound
- lignine6
- Outcome
- flavonoid-related enzyme activitye6
- Direction
- reducee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“exogenous silicon can reduce the flavonoid-related enzyme activity of soybean seedlings under CA stress, thus reducing the formation of lignin and alleviating the influence on root nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome analysis found 9235 differentially expressed genes responsive to exogenous silicon under cinnamic acid stress.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese7
- Value
- 9235e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results showed that 4 mM CA induced autotoxicity could significantly reduce stem weight, stem fresh weight, root dry weight, root fresh weight, plant height and nodule number of soybean seedlings”
e7“a total of 9235 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were responsive to exogenous silicon and involved in a variety of metabolic pathways and biosynthesis, including phenylpropanoid metabolism, hydrogen peroxide metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, nodulation process, plant hormone signal transduction, isoflavone biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenylpropanoid, hydrogen peroxide, nitrogen, nodulation, hormone signal and isoflavone pathways may be the mechanisms by which silicon alleviates cinnamic acid stress.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxe6
- Outcome
- cinnamic acid stresse6
- Qualifier
- phenylpropanoid metabolism, hydrogen peroxide metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, nodulation process, plant hormone signal transduction, isoflavone biosynthesise7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“These major metabolic and biosynthetic pathways may be the potential mechanisms by which exogenous silicon alleviates cinnamic acid stress on soybean seedlings”
e7“including phenylpropanoid metabolism, hydrogen peroxide metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, nodulation process, plant hormone signal transduction, isoflavone biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
AP2/ERF, C2H2, MYB, NAC, bHLH and WRKY transcription factors may contribute to silicon reducing cinnamic acid stress tolerance.
- Taxon
- soybean plantsGlycine maxe6
- Gene
- AP2/ERF, C2H2, MYB, NAC, bHLH, and WRKYe6
- Outcome
- cinnamic acid stress tolerancee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“some members of the transcription factor family, such as AP2/ERF, C2H2, MYB, NAC, bHLH, and WRKY, may also contribute to exogenous silicon reducing cinnamic acid stress tolerance in soybean plants”
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.