Abstract
Enhancing anthocyanin accumulation in red-leaf lettuce grown in plant factories often incurs yield penalties. Here we propose a two-stage screening-to-optimization framework integrated with mechanistic modeling to resolve this tradeoff. In Stage 1, comparative experiments confirmed that UV-A is more compatible with growth and pigmentation than UV-B, and identified ‘Lollo Rosso’ as a highly responsive cultivar. In Stage 2, optimization experiments showed that L6D6 (6 h day−1 for 6 days) increased the total anthocyanin per plant by 19.9% while maintaining fresh weight. Motivated by observed nonlinear phenomena including biomass overcompensation, circadian disruption under night irradiation, and ontogeny-dependent vulnerability, we developed a six-state ordinary differential equation (ODE) model that integrates reactive oxygen species (ROS) dynamics with stress damage–repair processes. A key innovation is the explicit representation of carbon competition between growth and antioxidant defense, where AOX synthesis consumes carbon from the buffer pool, creating a physiologically meaningful growth–defense tradeoff supported by the Growth-Differentiation Balance Hypothesis. The model achieved high accuracy in an independent validation set that included extreme doses (errors ≤ 10.6%, with 11 of 12 metrics < 10%), supporting the physiological necessity of the introduced mechanisms. Global optimization based on the calibrated model predicted that 9 h day−1 for 4 days is the theoretical optimum, potentially increasing total anthocyanin by 38.3% with minimal fresh-weight reduction (−2.4%), substantially outperforming the best experimental treatment. This quantitative mechanistic framework provides a scientific basis for designing precise stress-light recipes in controlled-environment agriculture.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
UV-A was more compatible with growth and pigmentation than UV-B.
- Taxon
- Lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- UV-Ae0
- Outcome
- growth and pigmentatione0
- Direction
- more compatiblee0
- Comparator
- UV-Be0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UV-A is more compatible with growth and pigmentation than UV-B”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Lollo Rosso was identified as a highly responsive cultivar.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- ‘Lollo Rosso’e0
- Outcome
- highly responsive cultivare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“identified ‘Lollo Rosso’ as a highly responsive cultivar”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
L6D6 increased total anthocyanin per plant by 19.9%.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- L6D6 (6 h day−1 for 6 days)e0
- Outcome
- total anthocyanin per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“L6D6 (6 h day−1 for 6 days) increased the total anthocyanin per plant by 19.9% while maintaining fresh weight”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
L6D6 maintained lettuce fresh weight.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- L6D6 (6 h day−1 for 6 days)e0
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
- Direction
- maintaininge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“L6D6 (6 h day−1 for 6 days) increased the total anthocyanin per plant by 19.9% while maintaining fresh weight”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The model validation errors were at most 10.6%, with 11 of 12 metrics under 10%.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- errorse0
- Value
- ≤ 10.6%e0
- Qualifier
- 11 of 12 metrics < 10%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The model achieved high accuracy in an independent validation set that included extreme doses (errors ≤ 10.6%, with 11 of 12 metrics < 10%)”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Global model optimization predicted 9 h day−1 for 4 days as the theoretical optimum.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- theoretical optimume0
- Value
- 9 h day−1 for 4 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Global optimization based on the calibrated model predicted that 9 h day−1 for 4 days is the theoretical optimum”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The model predicted a 38.3% anthocyanin increase at that optimum.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- total anthocyanine0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 38.3%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potentially increasing total anthocyanin by 38.3% with minimal fresh-weight reduction (−2.4%)”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The model predicted 2.4% fresh-weight reduction at that optimum.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- fresh-weighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- −2.4%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potentially increasing total anthocyanin by 38.3% with minimal fresh-weight reduction (−2.4%)”
t0“Lettuce”
The same questions in other papers
uv · growth · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results differ
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
31 papers more in this group
See all 35 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.