Abstract
To identify adaptive cultivation strategies for strong-gluten winter wheat under conditions of increasing autumn temperatures and changing precipitation patterns in the Huang–Huai–Hai region, a field experiment was conducted with cultivars Jimai 44 and Zhongmai 578. Field experiments were conducted during the 2023–2024 and 2024–2025 growing seasons, using three sowing dates (T2–T4, 20 October to 3 November) in the first year and four sowing dates (T1–T4, 13 October to 3 November) in the second year, each combined with three seeding rates (M1–M3) that were increased by 52.5 kg ha−1 for every 7-day delay in sowing. This design evaluated how sowing date and seeding rate regulate photosynthesis, dry matter dynamics, and yield. The results showed that post-anthesis dry-matter accumulation, harvest index, grain number per unit area, and grain yield responded quadratically to delayed sowing and increased seeding rate. Delayed sowing increased flag-leaf SPAD but reduced dry matter at anthesis and maturity, pre-anthesis translocation, spike number, and thousand-kernel weight. Higher seeding rate decreased SPAD, net photosynthetic rate, grains per spike, and kernel weight. The T2M2 treatment optimized canopy structure, enhanced photosynthesis, maintained efficient dry matter production and partitioning, and balanced yield components, achieving the highest grain yield. Although severe delays in sowing reduced yield, increasing the seeding rate under late sowing compensated for the reduced spike number and mitigated yield losses. The T2M2 combination and the late-sowing with the incremental-seeding technique offer practical strategies for climate-resilient, high-yield wheat production in the region.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
post-anthesis dry-matter accumulation responded quadratically to sowing delay and increased seeding rate.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- delayed sowing and increased seeding ratee0
- Outcome
- post-anthesis dry-matter accumulatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post-anthesis dry-matter accumulation, harvest index, grain number per unit area, and grain yield responded quadratically to delayed sowing and increased seeding rate”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
harvest index responded quadratically to sowing delay and increased seeding rate.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delayed sowing and increased seeding ratee0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post-anthesis dry-matter accumulation, harvest index, grain number per unit area, and grain yield responded quadratically to delayed sowing and increased seeding rate”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
grain number per unit area responded quadratically to sowing delay and increased seeding rate.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delayed sowing and increased seeding ratee0
- Outcome
- grain number per unit areae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post-anthesis dry-matter accumulation, harvest index, grain number per unit area, and grain yield responded quadratically to delayed sowing and increased seeding rate”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
grain yield responded quadratically to sowing delay and increased seeding rate.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delayed sowing and increased seeding ratee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post-anthesis dry-matter accumulation, harvest index, grain number per unit area, and grain yield responded quadratically to delayed sowing and increased seeding rate”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing increased flag-leaf SPAD.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Delayed sowinge0
- Outcome
- flag-leaf SPADe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delayed sowing increased flag-leaf SPAD but reduced dry matter at anthesis and maturity, pre-anthesis translocation, spike number, and thousand-kernel weight”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing reduced dry matter at anthesis and maturity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Delayed sowinge0
- Outcome
- dry matter at anthesis and maturitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delayed sowing increased flag-leaf SPAD but reduced dry matter at anthesis and maturity, pre-anthesis translocation, spike number, and thousand-kernel weight”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing reduced pre-anthesis translocation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Delayed sowinge0
- Outcome
- pre-anthesis translocatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delayed sowing increased flag-leaf SPAD but reduced dry matter at anthesis and maturity, pre-anthesis translocation, spike number, and thousand-kernel weight”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing reduced spike number.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Delayed sowinge0
- Outcome
- spike numbere0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delayed sowing increased flag-leaf SPAD but reduced dry matter at anthesis and maturity, pre-anthesis translocation, spike number, and thousand-kernel weight”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing reduced thousand-kernel weight.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Delayed sowinge0
- Outcome
- thousand-kernel weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delayed sowing increased flag-leaf SPAD but reduced dry matter at anthesis and maturity, pre-anthesis translocation, spike number, and thousand-kernel weight”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher seeding rate decreased SPAD.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Higher seeding ratee0
- Outcome
- SPADe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher seeding rate decreased SPAD, net photosynthetic rate, grains per spike, and kernel weight”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher seeding rate decreased net photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Higher seeding ratee0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher seeding rate decreased SPAD, net photosynthetic rate, grains per spike, and kernel weight”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher seeding rate decreased grains per spike.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Higher seeding ratee0
- Outcome
- grains per spikee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher seeding rate decreased SPAD, net photosynthetic rate, grains per spike, and kernel weight”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher seeding rate decreased kernel weight.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Higher seeding ratee0
- Outcome
- kernel weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher seeding rate decreased SPAD, net photosynthetic rate, grains per spike, and kernel weight”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T2M2 optimized canopy structure.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2M2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- canopy structuree0
- Direction
- optimizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The T2M2 treatment optimized canopy structure, enhanced photosynthesis, maintained efficient dry matter production and partitioning, and balanced yield components, achieving the highest grain yield”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T2M2 enhanced photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2M2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The T2M2 treatment optimized canopy structure, enhanced photosynthesis, maintained efficient dry matter production and partitioning, and balanced yield components, achieving the highest grain yield”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T2M2 maintained dry matter production and partitioning.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2M2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- dry matter production and partitioninge0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The T2M2 treatment optimized canopy structure, enhanced photosynthesis, maintained efficient dry matter production and partitioning, and balanced yield components, achieving the highest grain yield”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T2M2 balanced yield components.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2M2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- yield componentse0
- Direction
- balancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The T2M2 treatment optimized canopy structure, enhanced photosynthesis, maintained efficient dry matter production and partitioning, and balanced yield components, achieving the highest grain yield”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T2M2 highest grain yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2M2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The T2M2 treatment optimized canopy structure, enhanced photosynthesis, maintained efficient dry matter production and partitioning, and balanced yield components, achieving the highest grain yield”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing seeding rate under late sowing compensated for reduced spike number and mitigated yield losses.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing the seeding rate under late sowinge0
- Outcome
- yield lossese0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the seeding rate under late sowing compensated for the reduced spike number and mitigated yield losses”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend T2M2 and increasing seeding under late sowing for high-yield wheat production.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- T2M2 combination and the late-sowing with the incremental-seeding techniquee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The T2M2 combination and the late-sowing with the incremental-seeding technique offer practical strategies for climate-resilient, high-yield wheat production in the region”
t0“Strong-Gluten Winter Wheat”
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See all 498 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.