Paper · 2026 · BIONATURE

Effect of Foliar Nutrient Salt Sprays on Wheat Yield under Terminal Heat Stress in the Lower Gangetic Plains in West Bengal

Hasim Kamal Mallick; Disharee Nath; Rambilash Mallick

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verbatim quotes
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citations
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research areas
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Open access · cc-by

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2022-23 to evaluate the effects of foliar applications of various nutrient salts on the growth, development, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety -UP-262 under the lower Gangetic alluvial soils of West Bengal. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 3 replications and 10 foliar treatments. The foliar treatments were water spray, NaCl @0.5%, K2SO4 @0.5%, KCl @0.5%, CaCl2 @0.5%, Boron @0.2% and 0.1%, Zinc @0.1%, a combined spray of zinc and boron, and a mixture of NaCl and KCl each at 0.25%. These nutrients were sprayed at 50% flowering of the crop. The results showed that all the foliar applications had significant positive effects on yield and yield contributing characters of wheat compared to the control. Foliar application of NaCl@ 0.5% significantly increased filled grains spike-1, ear length, and 1000-grain weight, thus the highest grain yield(2810.53kg/ha) was obtained with this treatment followed closely by K2SO4 @0.5%. However, the combined spray of zinc and boron increased grain yield and therefore improves micronutrient supplementation. This finding implies that foliar application of targeted nutrients at key development stages might improve wheat productivity through the remedying of nutrient deficiencies.

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 6

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar applications improved wheat yield and yield components versus control.

Treatment
foliar applicationse0
Outcome
yield and yield contributing characterse0
Direction
positive effectse0
Comparator
the controle0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“all the foliar applications had significant positive effects on yield and yield contributing characters of wheat compared to the control”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 672–808 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

NaCl 0.5% increased filled grains per spike.

Treatment
NaCl@ 0.5%e0
Outcome
filled grains spike-1e0
Direction
increasede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Foliar application of NaCl@ 0.5% significantly increased filled grains spike-1, ear length, and 1000-grain weight”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 810–923 · show in text ↑
e1

“yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 172–209 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

NaCl 0.5% increased ear length.

Treatment
NaCl@ 0.5%e0
Outcome
ear lengthe0
Direction
increasede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Foliar application of NaCl@ 0.5% significantly increased filled grains spike-1, ear length, and 1000-grain weight”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 810–923 · show in text ↑
e1

“yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 172–209 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

NaCl 0.5% increased 1000-grain weight.

Treatment
NaCl@ 0.5%e0
Outcome
1000-grain weighte0
Direction
increasede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Foliar application of NaCl@ 0.5% significantly increased filled grains spike-1, ear length, and 1000-grain weight”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 810–923 · show in text ↑
e1

“yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 172–209 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

NaCl 0.5% produced the highest grain yield of 2810.53kg/ha.

Treatment
NaCl@ 0.5%e1
Outcome
grain yielde0
Direction
higheste0
Value
2810.53kg/hae0
Comparator
K2SO4 @0.5%e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the highest grain yield(2810.53kg/ha) was obtained with this treatment followed closely by K2SO4 @0.5%”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 930–1032 · show in text ↑
e1

“Foliar application of NaCl@ 0.5% significantly increased”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 810–866 · show in text ↑
e2

“yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 172–209 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Combined zinc and boron spray increased grain yield.

Treatment
combined spray of zinc and borone0
Outcome
grain yielde0
Direction
increasede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the combined spray of zinc and boron increased grain yield”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1043–1101 · show in text ↑
e1

“yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 172–209 · show in text ↑

sodium chloride · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

28 papers: 9 positive, 19 negative or no effect

8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 19 in the opposite direction

  1. negative
  2. negative
  3. negative

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boron atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

76 papers: 62 positive, 14 negative or no effect

61 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. negative
  2. negative
  3. no effect

72 papers more in this group

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zinc atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

511 papers: 456 positive, 55 negative or no effect

455 papers in the same direction as this paper · 49 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. no effect
  2. negative
  3. no effect

507 papers more in this group

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application · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

877 papers: 795 positive, 82 negative or no effect

794 papers in the same direction as this paper · 75 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. no effect
  2. negative
  3. no effect

873 papers more in this group

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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.