Abstract
Wheat production in Zimbabwe is declining owing to poor agronomic practices, resulting in increased lodging and ultimately low grain yield. This has exposed many families to the risk of hunger and an increase in the import bill for wheat at the national level. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of cycocel application rate and seed rate on growth, lodging, and grain yield of wheat ( Triticum aestivum (L.)] under contrasting agroecological regions in Zimbabwe. A field experiment was carried out at two sites, Ziswa farm and Biri Irrigation Scheme. The experiment was a 4 × 2 factorial experiment laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated thrice at both sites. Treatments comprised four cycocel rates (0 L·ha −1 , 1 L·ha −1 , 1.5 L·ha −1 , and 2 L·ha −1 ) and two wheat seed rates (120 kg·ha −1 and 160 kg·ha −1 ). The results showed that the interaction between cycocel rates and seed rate significantly influenced wheat grain yield at Ziswa Farm only. An increase in cycocel rates at both 120 kg·ha −1 and 160 kg·ha −1 seed rates increased wheat grain yield. Cycocel rates had a significant effect on the number of days taken by wheat plants to reach 50% anthesis and physiological maturity, number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per square meter, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, number of lodged plants, and 1000‐grain weight at both sites. Seed rate influenced the number of tillers per plant, the number of tillers per square meter, and the number of spikes per square meter at both sites. Application of cycocel reduces plant height due to shortening of internodes, thereby reducing lodging of wheat plants across all planting densities. Cycocel application in wheat increased grain yield even under high seed rates. Increasing seed rate without applying cycocel resulted in increased lodging of wheat plants and reduced grain yield. Farmers are recommended to apply cycocel at 1.5 L·ha −1 in combination with a seed rate of 160 kg·ha −1 to effectively control lodging and boost wheat yield.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel rate and seed rate interacted significantly for grain yield at Ziswa Farm only.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- cycocel rates and seed ratee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Setting
- Ziswa Farme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the interaction between cycocel rates and seed rate significantly influenced wheat grain yield at Ziswa Farm only.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing cycocel rate increased wheat grain yield at the 120 kg·ha −1 seed rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- increase in cycocel ratese0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 120 kg·ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in cycocel rates at both 120 kg·ha −1 and 160 kg·ha −1 seed rates increased wheat grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing cycocel rate increased wheat grain yield at the 160 kg·ha −1 seed rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- increase in cycocel ratese0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 160 kg·ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in cycocel rates at both 120 kg·ha −1 and 160 kg·ha −1 seed rates increased wheat grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel rate significantly affected number of days taken by wheat plants to reach 50% anthesis and physiological maturity at both sites, with direction unspecified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Cycocel ratese0
- Outcome
- number of days taken by wheat plants to reach 50% anthesis and physiological maturitye0
- Qualifier
- at both sitese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cycocel rates had a significant effect on the number of days taken by wheat plants to reach 50% anthesis and physiological maturity, number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per square meter, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, number of lodged plants, and 1000‐grain weight at both sites.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel rate significantly affected number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per square meter, number of spikelets per spike at both sites, with direction unspecified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Cycocel ratese0
- Outcome
- number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per square meter, number of spikelets per spikee0
- Qualifier
- at both sitese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cycocel rates had a significant effect on the number of days taken by wheat plants to reach 50% anthesis and physiological maturity, number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per square meter, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, number of lodged plants, and 1000‐grain weight at both sites.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel rate significantly affected number of grains per spike, number of lodged plants, and 1000‐grain weight at both sites, with direction unspecified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Cycocel ratese0
- Outcome
- number of grains per spike, number of lodged plants, and 1000‐grain weighte0
- Qualifier
- at both sitese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cycocel rates had a significant effect on the number of days taken by wheat plants to reach 50% anthesis and physiological maturity, number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per square meter, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, number of lodged plants, and 1000‐grain weight at both sites.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed rate influenced tiller counts and spike density at both sites.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Seed ratee0
- Outcome
- number of tillers per plant, the number of tillers per square meter, and the number of spikes per square metere0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed rate influenced the number of tillers per plant, the number of tillers per square meter, and the number of spikes per square meter at both sites.”
t0“Wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.)]”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel reduced plant height across planting densities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Application of cycocele0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducese0
- Qualifier
- across all planting densitiese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of cycocel reduces plant height due to shortening of internodes, thereby reducing lodging of wheat plants across all planting densities.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel shortened internodes, which the authors attribute as the cause of reduced height.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Application of cycocele0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Qualifier
- shortening of internodese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of cycocel reduces plant height due to shortening of internodes, thereby reducing lodging of wheat plants across all planting densities.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel reduced lodging across planting densities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Application of cycocele0
- Outcome
- lodging of wheat plantse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Qualifier
- across all planting densitiese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of cycocel reduces plant height due to shortening of internodes, thereby reducing lodging of wheat plants across all planting densities.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel increased wheat grain yield even at high seed rates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Cycocel applicatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- high seed ratese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cycocel application in wheat increased grain yield even under high seed rates.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing seed rate without cycocel increased lodging of wheat plants.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Increasing seed rate without applying cycocele0
- Outcome
- lodging of wheat plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing seed rate without applying cycocel resulted in increased lodging of wheat plants and reduced grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing seed rate without cycocel reduced grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Increasing seed rate without applying cycocele0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing seed rate without applying cycocel resulted in increased lodging of wheat plants and reduced grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend cycocel at 1.5 L·ha −1 with 160 kg·ha −1 seed rate to control lodging and increase wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- cycocel at 1.5 L·ha −1 in combination with a seed rate of 160 kg·ha −1e0
- Outcome
- control lodging and boost wheat yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Farmers are recommended to apply cycocel at 1.5 L·ha −1 in combination with a seed rate of 160 kg·ha −1 to effectively control lodging and boost wheat yield.”
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