Abstract
The rhizosphere, a narrow region of soil surrounding roots, contains diverse microorganisms with a composition that is distinct from the surrounding soil. Some rhizosphere bacteria can trigger a heightened state of immunity in the whole plant, termed Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). To understand the mechanisms behind this enhanced resistance we investigated the metabolic profile of tomato plants treated with Pseudomonas defensor WCS374r and Bacillus velezensis VFb49, bacterial strains know to elicit ISR in tomato, using an untargeted approach, from which we identified a set of differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). We show that some of these metabolites-the hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) caffeoyl putrescine and feruloyl putrescine-exhibit direct antimicrobial properties against two fungal pathogens, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium virguliforme. Further, we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana agmatine coumaroyl transferase (AtACT) is induced by both bacteria and is required for resistance to B. cinerea. The apoplastic location of these compounds is also crucial for their function as the multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) transporter, AtDTX18, is essential for the resistance phenotype. Overall, this work offers novel insights into the mechanism of ISR, suggesting that the accumulation of HCAAs is one of the factors conferring enhanced resistance to pathogen infection.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Caffeoyl putrescine and feruloyl putrescine have direct antimicrobial properties against Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium virguliforme.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae2pathogen - Second interactor
- Fusarium virguliformeFusarium virguliformee2pathogen
- Compound
- caffeoyl putrescine and feruloyl putrescinee2
- Outcome
- direct antimicrobial propertiese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“caffeoyl putrescine and feruloyl putrescine-exhibit direct antimicrobial properties against two fungal pathogens, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium virguliforme”
e1“the metabolic profile of tomato plants treated with Pseudomonas defensor WCS374r and Bacillus velezensis VFb49”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato treated with Pseudomonas defensor WCS374r and Bacillus velezensis VFb49 showed differentially accumulated metabolites.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas defensor WCS374re1biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- Bacillus velezensis VFb49
Bacillus velezensise1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- differentially accumulated metabolitese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the metabolic profile of tomato plants treated with Pseudomonas defensor WCS374r and Bacillus velezensis VFb49”
e7“a set of differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs)”
Claim · model-written summary
AtACT is induced by both bacteria in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae3 - Gene
- AtACTe3
- Outcome
- induced by both bacteriae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“in Arabidopsis thaliana agmatine coumaroyl transferase (AtACT) is induced by both bacteria and is required for resistance to B. cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
AtACT is required for resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae3
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae3pathogen
- Gene
- AtACTe3
- Outcome
- resistance to B. cinereae3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“in Arabidopsis thaliana agmatine coumaroyl transferase (AtACT) is induced by both bacteria and is required for resistance to B. cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
AtDTX18 is essential for the resistance phenotype.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae3
- Gene
- AtDTX18e4
- Outcome
- resistance phenotypee4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) transporter, AtDTX18, is essential for the resistance phenotype”
e3“in Arabidopsis thaliana agmatine coumaroyl transferase (AtACT) is induced by both bacteria and is required for resistance to B. cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
The apoplastic location of these compounds is crucial for their function.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae3
- Outcome
- functione5
- Qualifier
- apoplastic locatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The apoplastic location of these compounds is also crucial for their function”
e3“in Arabidopsis thaliana agmatine coumaroyl transferase (AtACT) is induced by both bacteria and is required for resistance to B. cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
Accumulation of HCAAs is one factor conferring enhanced resistance to pathogen infection in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Compound
- HCAAse6
- Outcome
- enhanced resistancee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“suggesting that the accumulation of HCAAs is one of the factors conferring enhanced resistance to pathogen infection”
e1“the metabolic profile of tomato plants treated with Pseudomonas defensor WCS374r and Bacillus velezensis VFb49”