Abstract
Abstract Maize ear rot, originally caused by Fusarium verticillioides , poses a serious risk to yield grain quality and food safety because of the associated mycotoxins. Field surveys in 2019, Fusarium spp., Aspergillus flavus , A. niger , and Penicillium spp. were the most prevalent pathogens as 98.2, 98.6, 98.6, and 76.0%. The Balady White cultivar was the most susceptible ones in disease incidence (DI); 89.9–91.8% and disease severity (DS); 51.3–70.9%, while SC10 White displayed the highest resistance (DI; 53.6–63.9% and DS; 40.6–50.7%). A total of 54 fungal isolates were confirmed by PCR as the dominant pathogens F. verticillioides and A. flavus via amplification of their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Ridomil (200 ppm) was the most effective for suppressing fungal growth and reducing DS in in vitro and greenhouse experiments. Bacillus subtilis (9 × 10⁸ CFU/mL) and clove oil (3% v/v) produced comparable levels of DS and DI that dropped from 41.8 to 5.3% and to 7.9%, respectively under artificial infection (AI). Also, B. subtilis and clove oil increased Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) 0.198 and 0.164 unit mg⁻¹ protein min⁻¹, and Catalase (CAT) 268.59 and 169.69 µ mol H 2 O 2 min⁻¹, and improved grain quality by preserving oil, protein, carbohydrate contents and increasing phenolic compound accumulation (378.51 mg) especially under AI. Importantly, both treatments significantly reduced fumonisin contamination and B. subtilis achieving the lowest level (123.56 ppb/kg) compared with 3833.8 ppb/kg for control. Overall, these findings position B. subtilis and clove oil as promising eco-friendly alternatives to chemical fungicides for managing maize ear rot, enhancing resistance, and improving grain safety and quality.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium spp. was prevalent in the field survey at 98.2.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium spp., Aspergillus flavus , A. niger , and Penicillium spp. were the most prevalent pathogens as 98.2, 98.6, 98.6, and 76.0%”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus flavus was prevalent in the field survey at 98.6.
- Interactor
- Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus flavuse0pathogen - Outcome
- prevalent pathogense0
- Value
- 98.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium spp., Aspergillus flavus , A. niger , and Penicillium spp. were the most prevalent pathogens as 98.2, 98.6, 98.6, and 76.0%”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
A. niger was prevalent in the field survey at 98.6.
- Interactor
- A. niger
Aspergillus nigere0pathogen - Outcome
- prevalent pathogense0
- Value
- 98.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium spp., Aspergillus flavus , A. niger , and Penicillium spp. were the most prevalent pathogens as 98.2, 98.6, 98.6, and 76.0%”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium spp. was prevalent in the field survey at 76.0%.
- Interactor
- Penicillium spp.
Penicilliume0pathogen - Outcome
- prevalent pathogense0
- Value
- 76.0%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium spp., Aspergillus flavus , A. niger , and Penicillium spp. were the most prevalent pathogens as 98.2, 98.6, 98.6, and 76.0%”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Balady White showed most susceptible for disease incidence.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Balady White cultivar was the most susceptible ones in disease incidence (DI); 89.9–91.8% and disease severity (DS); 51.3–70.9%, while SC10 White displayed the highest resistance (DI; 53.6–63.9% and DS; 40.6–50.7%)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Balady White showed most susceptible for disease severity.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Balady White cultivar was the most susceptible ones in disease incidence (DI); 89.9–91.8% and disease severity (DS); 51.3–70.9%, while SC10 White displayed the highest resistance (DI; 53.6–63.9% and DS; 40.6–50.7%)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SC10 White showed highest resistance for disease incidence.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Balady White cultivar was the most susceptible ones in disease incidence (DI); 89.9–91.8% and disease severity (DS); 51.3–70.9%, while SC10 White displayed the highest resistance (DI; 53.6–63.9% and DS; 40.6–50.7%)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SC10 White showed highest resistance for disease severity.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Balady White cultivar was the most susceptible ones in disease incidence (DI); 89.9–91.8% and disease severity (DS); 51.3–70.9%, while SC10 White displayed the highest resistance (DI; 53.6–63.9% and DS; 40.6–50.7%)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
PCR confirmed 54 isolates as F. verticillioides and A. flavus.
- Interactor
- F. verticillioides
Fusarium verticillioidese0pathogen - Second interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- 54 fungal isolates were confirmed by PCRe0
- Value
- 54 fungal isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A total of 54 fungal isolates were confirmed by PCR as the dominant pathogens F. verticillioides and A. flavus via amplification of their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridomil was most effective at suppressing fungal growth and disease severity.
- Treatment
- Ridomil (200 ppm)e0
- Outcome
- fungal growth and reducing DSe0
- Direction
- suppressinge0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ridomil (200 ppm) was the most effective for suppressing fungal growth and reducing DS in in vitro and greenhouse experiments”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis (9 × 10⁸ CFU/mL) reduced disease measures under artificial infection.
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilis (9 × 10⁸ CFU/mL)e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- DS and DIe0
- Direction
- droppede0
- Value
- 5.3%e0
- Qualifier
- artificial infection (AI)e0
- Comparator
- 41.8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus subtilis (9 × 10⁸ CFU/mL) and clove oil (3% v/v) produced comparable levels of DS and DI that dropped from 41.8 to 5.3% and to 7.9%, respectively under artificial infection (AI)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
clove oil (3% v/v) reduced disease measures under artificial infection.
- Treatment
- clove oil (3% v/v)e0
- Outcome
- DS and DIe0
- Direction
- droppede0
- Value
- 7.9%e0
- Qualifier
- artificial infection (AI)e0
- Comparator
- 41.8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus subtilis (9 × 10⁸ CFU/mL) and clove oil (3% v/v) produced comparable levels of DS and DI that dropped from 41.8 to 5.3% and to 7.9%, respectively under artificial infection (AI)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis increased Polyphenol oxidase (PPO).
- Treatment
- B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Polyphenol oxidase (PPO)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.198e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis and clove oil increased Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) 0.198 and 0.164 unit mg⁻¹ protein min⁻¹, and Catalase (CAT) 268.59 and 169.69 µ mol H 2 O 2 min⁻¹”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
clove oil increased Polyphenol oxidase (PPO).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis and clove oil increased Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) 0.198 and 0.164 unit mg⁻¹ protein min⁻¹, and Catalase (CAT) 268.59 and 169.69 µ mol H 2 O 2 min⁻¹”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis increased Catalase (CAT).
- Treatment
- B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 268.59e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis and clove oil increased Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) 0.198 and 0.164 unit mg⁻¹ protein min⁻¹, and Catalase (CAT) 268.59 and 169.69 µ mol H 2 O 2 min⁻¹”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
clove oil increased Catalase (CAT).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis and clove oil increased Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) 0.198 and 0.164 unit mg⁻¹ protein min⁻¹, and Catalase (CAT) 268.59 and 169.69 µ mol H 2 O 2 min⁻¹”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments preserved grain oil, protein, and carbohydrate content.
- Treatment
- B. subtilis and clove oile1
- Outcome
- oil, protein, carbohydrate contentse0
- Direction
- preservinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved grain quality by preserving oil, protein, carbohydrate contents and increasing phenolic compound accumulation (378.51 mg) especially under AI”
e1“B. subtilis and clove oil increased Polyphenol oxidase”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments increased grain phenolic accumulation under artificial infection.
- Treatment
- B. subtilis and clove oile0
- Outcome
- phenolic compound accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 378.51 mge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis and clove oil increased Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) 0.198 and 0.164 unit mg⁻¹ protein min⁻¹, and Catalase (CAT) 268.59 and 169.69 µ mol H 2 O 2 min⁻¹, and improved grain quality by preserving oil, protein, carbohydrate contents and increasing phenolic compound accumulation (378.51 mg) especially under AI”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis reduced fumonisin contamination to the lowest observed level.
- Treatment
- B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- fumonisin contaminatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 123.56 ppb/kge0
- Qualifier
- 3833.8 ppb/kge0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both treatments significantly reduced fumonisin contamination and B. subtilis achieving the lowest level (123.56 ppb/kg) compared with 3833.8 ppb/kg for control”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove oil significantly reduced fumonisin contamination.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both treatments significantly reduced fumonisin contamination and B. subtilis achieving the lowest level (123.56 ppb/kg) compared with 3833.8 ppb/kg for control”
e1“B. subtilis and clove oil increased Polyphenol oxidase”
t0“maize”
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