Abstract
Microbial bio-inoculants have been proposed as management tools to enhance crop performance under variable environmental conditions; however, their effectiveness is often influenced by site-specific factors. This study evaluated the effects of bio-inoculation on seed germination and seedling vigor of pea under osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), and its interaction with two fertilization levels (75% and 100% of the recommended dose) under field conditions in the Amazonas region of Peru. Under laboratory conditions, germination percentage remained high across all treatments (93.3–100%) and was not affected by bio-inoculation or osmotic potential; however, osmotic stress altered germination dynamics, increasing mean germination time from 1.85–2.09 days at 0 MPa to 2.26–2.43 days at −0.8 MPa, while germination synchrony and seedling vigor decreased as stress increased. The seedling vigor index reached maximum values at −0.2 MPa (4.47–5.29) and declined at −0.8 MPa (1.50–2.00), and multivariate analyses showed that variation in germination responses was mainly associated with germination timing and vigor rather than seed viability. Under field conditions, no significant effects of fertilization level, microbial bio-inoculation, or their interaction were detected on agronomic traits or yield, although variability between locations was observed; plant height ranged from 38.5–46.3 cm in Lamud and from 100.6–108.3 cm in Molinopampa, while grain yield varied from 698–1846 kg/ha and 8771–9919 kg/ha, respectively. Overall, environmental conditions exerted a stronger influence than microbial bio-inoculation on germination dynamics and field productivity, while the findings provide practical guidance for improving pea production with bio-inoculants and optimized fertilization.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Germination percentage of pea was not affected by bio-inoculation and remained high (93.3-100%).
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum
Lathyrus oleraceust0 - Treatment
- bio-inoculatione0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Value
- 93.3–100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“germination percentage remained high across all treatments (93.3–100%) and was not affected by bio-inoculation or osmotic potential”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination percentage of pea was not affected by osmotic potential and remained high (93.3-100%).
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- osmotic potentiale0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Value
- 93.3–100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“germination percentage remained high across all treatments (93.3–100%) and was not affected by bio-inoculation or osmotic potential”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmotic stress increased mean germination time of pea from 1.85-2.09 days at 0 MPa to 2.26-2.43 days at -0.8 MPa.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- osmotic stresse0
- Outcome
- mean germination timee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 2.26–2.43 days at −0.8 MPae0
- Comparator
- 0 MPae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“osmotic stress altered germination dynamics, increasing mean germination time from 1.85–2.09 days at 0 MPa to 2.26–2.43 days at −0.8 MPa”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination synchrony and seedling vigor of pea decreased as osmotic stress increased.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- stresse0
- Outcome
- germination synchrony and seedling vigore0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“germination synchrony and seedling vigor decreased as stress increased”
Claim · model-written summary
The pea seedling vigor index was at its maximum (4.47-5.29) at -0.2 MPa.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- seedling vigor indexe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 4.47–5.29e0
- Qualifier
- −0.2 MPae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“The seedling vigor index reached maximum values at −0.2 MPa (4.47–5.29) and declined at −0.8 MPa (1.50–2.00)”
Claim · model-written summary
The pea seedling vigor index declined to 1.50-2.00 at -0.8 MPa.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- seedling vigor indexe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 1.50–2.00e0
- Qualifier
- −0.8 MPae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“The seedling vigor index reached maximum values at −0.2 MPa (4.47–5.29) and declined at −0.8 MPa (1.50–2.00)”
Claim · model-written summary
Variation in pea germination responses was mainly associated with germination timing and vigor rather than seed viability, in multivariate analyses.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- variation in germination responsese0
- Qualifier
- germination timing and vigore0
- Comparator
- seed viabilitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“variation in germination responses was mainly associated with germination timing and vigor rather than seed viability”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization level had no significant effect on agronomic traits or yield of pea in the field.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- fertilization levele0
- Outcome
- agronomic traits or yielde0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
- Setting
- Under field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“Under field conditions, no significant effects of fertilization level, microbial bio-inoculation, or their interaction were detected on agronomic traits or yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial bio-inoculation had no significant effect on agronomic traits or yield of pea in the field.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- microbial bio-inoculatione0
- Outcome
- agronomic traits or yielde0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
- Setting
- Under field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“Under field conditions, no significant effects of fertilization level, microbial bio-inoculation, or their interaction were detected on agronomic traits or yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction of fertilization level and bio-inoculation had no significant effect on agronomic traits or yield of pea in the field.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- their interactione0
- Outcome
- agronomic traits or yielde0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
- Setting
- Under field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“Under field conditions, no significant effects of fertilization level, microbial bio-inoculation, or their interaction were detected on agronomic traits or yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea plant height ranged from 38.5-46.3 cm in Lamud.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Value
- 38.5–46.3 cme0
- Setting
- Lamude0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“plant height ranged from 38.5–46.3 cm in Lamud and from 100.6–108.3 cm in Molinopampa, while grain yield varied from 698–1846 kg/ha and 8771–9919 kg/ha, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea plant height ranged from 100.6-108.3 cm in Molinopampa.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Value
- 100.6–108.3 cme0
- Setting
- Molinopampae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“plant height ranged from 38.5–46.3 cm in Lamud and from 100.6–108.3 cm in Molinopampa, while grain yield varied from 698–1846 kg/ha and 8771–9919 kg/ha, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea grain yield varied from 698-1846 kg/ha in Lamud.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 698–1846 kg/hae0
- Setting
- Lamude0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“plant height ranged from 38.5–46.3 cm in Lamud and from 100.6–108.3 cm in Molinopampa, while grain yield varied from 698–1846 kg/ha and 8771–9919 kg/ha, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea grain yield varied from 8771-9919 kg/ha in Molinopampa.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 8771–9919 kg/hae0
- Setting
- Molinopampae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“plant height ranged from 38.5–46.3 cm in Lamud and from 100.6–108.3 cm in Molinopampa, while grain yield varied from 698–1846 kg/ha and 8771–9919 kg/ha, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Environmental conditions had a stronger influence than microbial bio-inoculation on pea germination dynamics and field productivity.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- environmental conditionse0
- Outcome
- germination dynamics and field productivitye0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- microbial bio-inoculatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pisum sativum L.”
e0“environmental conditions exerted a stronger influence than microbial bio-inoculation on germination dynamics and field productivity”
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