Abstract
Cadmium is an element that is unnecessary for the functioning of plant and animal organisms, and its widespread presence in the environment poses a serious threat to human and animal health. Therefore, effective methods are being sought to remediate soils contaminated with this element, including through the enrichment of degraded soils with organic matter. To this end, the effectiveness of selected organic sorbents, including starch, fermented bark, compost and humic acids, in mitigating the transfer of cadmium and other heavy metals from soil to plants was assessed. Model studies compared the effects of 15 and 30 mg of cadmium (Cd) per kg of soil with an uncontaminated control sample. The sorbents were applied on a carbon basis at a rate of 3 g C per kg of soil. The test plant was Zea mays. Cadmium was found to significantly impair plant growth, causing reductions of 21%, 85%, and 77% in leaf greenness, aboveground biomass and root biomass, respectively. Excess cadmium increased the translocation of lead, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, iron, and manganese from the roots to the aboveground parts of the plant, while simultaneously limiting their uptake. All of the organic sorbents tested reduced the negative impact of cadmium on leaf greenness, except starch. Compost and HumiAgra significantly improved the condition of Zea mays plants weakened by cadmium exposure. Cadmium contamination increased soil acidification. pH was positively correlated with maize yield and the SPAD leaf greenness index and negatively correlated with the cadmium translocation index and cadmium content in the aboveground parts of maize. Compost and humic acids are among the most effective and practically feasible approaches for reducing cadmium bioavailability in soil and its accumulation in Zea mays, and are therefore recommended for the remediation of cadmium-contaminated soils.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced maize leaf greenness by 21%.
- Treatment
- Cadmiume0
- Outcome
- leaf greennesse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Comparator
- uncontaminated control samplee2
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium was found to significantly impair plant growth, causing reductions of 21%, 85%, and 77% in leaf greenness, aboveground biomass and root biomass, respectively.”
e1“The test plant was Zea mays.”
e2“uncontaminated control sample”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced maize aboveground biomass by 85%.
- Treatment
- Cadmiume0
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 85%e0
- Comparator
- uncontaminated control samplee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium was found to significantly impair plant growth, causing reductions of 21%, 85%, and 77% in leaf greenness, aboveground biomass and root biomass, respectively.”
e1“The test plant was Zea mays.”
e2“uncontaminated control sample”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced maize root biomass by 77%.
- Treatment
- Cadmiume0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 77%e0
- Comparator
- uncontaminated control samplee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium was found to significantly impair plant growth, causing reductions of 21%, 85%, and 77% in leaf greenness, aboveground biomass and root biomass, respectively.”
e1“The test plant was Zea mays.”
e2“uncontaminated control sample”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess cadmium increased transfer of multiple metals from roots to shoots.
- Treatment
- Excess cadmiume0
- Outcome
- translocation of lead, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, iron, and manganesee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- uncontaminated control samplee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess cadmium increased the translocation of lead, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, iron, and manganese from the roots to the aboveground parts of the plant, while simultaneously limiting their uptake.”
e1“The test plant was Zea mays.”
e2“uncontaminated control sample”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess cadmium limited uptake of multiple metals.
- Treatment
- Excess cadmiume0
- Outcome
- their uptakee0
- Direction
- limitinge0
- Comparator
- uncontaminated control samplee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess cadmium increased the translocation of lead, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, iron, and manganese from the roots to the aboveground parts of the plant, while simultaneously limiting their uptake.”
e1“The test plant was Zea mays.”
e2“uncontaminated control sample”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic sorbents except starch mitigated cadmium effects on greenness.
- Treatment
- organic sorbentse0
- Outcome
- negative impact of cadmium on leaf greennesse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- except starche0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All of the organic sorbents tested reduced the negative impact of cadmium on leaf greenness, except starch.”
e1“The test plant was Zea mays.”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost improved cadmium-weakened maize condition.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compost and HumiAgra significantly improved the condition of Zea mays plants weakened by cadmium exposure.”
Claim · model-written summary
HumiAgra improved cadmium-weakened maize condition.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compost and HumiAgra significantly improved the condition of Zea mays plants weakened by cadmium exposure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH correlated positively with maize yield and greenness.
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- maize yield and the SPAD leaf greenness indexe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- pHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pH was positively correlated with maize yield and the SPAD leaf greenness index”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH correlated negatively with cadmium translocation and shoot content.
- Organ / stage
- aboveground partse0
- Outcome
- cadmium translocation index and cadmium content in the aboveground parts of maizee0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“negatively correlated with the cadmium translocation index and cadmium content in the aboveground parts of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost and humic acids are recommended to remediate cadmium-contaminated soils.
- Outcome
- remediation of cadmium-contaminated soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compost and humic acids are among the most effective and practically feasible approaches for reducing cadmium bioavailability in soil and its accumulation in Zea mays, and are therefore recommended for the remediation of cadmium-contaminated soils.”
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