Abstract
ABSTRACT Soil salinity adversely impacts crop yields by inhibiting plant growth. Although it is known that autophagy regulates plant response to salt stress, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) mitigates salt‐induced damage, and glutamate decarboxylases (GADs) are key GABA biosynthetic enzymes, the interaction among GABA metabolism, GAD isoforms, and autophagy in underlying plant adaptation to salt stress remains unclear. Here, we found exogenous application of 0.05 mM GABA optimally alleviated NaCl stress in wheat seedlings, improving growth parameters including plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and root length, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters ( F v / F m , Y(II), qP, NPQ, and ETR max ). GABA supplementation enhanced ROS scavenging (reduced H 2 O 2 , O 2•− , MDA), improved ionic homeostasis, and upregulated initiating autophagy activity. Genome‐wide analysis identified seven salt‐responsive TaGADs encoding cytoplasmic PLP‐dependent decarboxylases (448–528 aa) with conserved catalytic domains (Lys277, HVDAASGG motif) and calmodulin (CaM)‐binding regions. Exogenous GABA significantly upregulated the expression levels of TaGAD2/5/6/7 in wheat seedling leaves under NaCl treatment. Further functional experiments showed that silencing TaGAD6 significantly decreased salt tolerance by reducing GABA content, weakening antioxidant capacity, and amplifying oxidative damage in wheat seedling leaves. This led to aberrant autophagy activation, resulting in autophagic cell death. The salt‐sensitive phenotypes induced by TaGAD6 silencing are rescued through GABA supplementation. Protein interaction assays demonstrated isoform‐specific associations: TaGAD1/3/4 interact with TaATG8, and TaGAD1/4 interact with TaATG12, while TaGAD6 interacted with calmodulin TaCa1. These findings establish that GABA‐TaGAD6 signaling regulates wheat salt tolerance via modulating autophagy activity; this provides mechanistic insights into metabolic‐autophagic crosstalk during abiotic stress adaptation.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
0.05 mM GABA alleviated NaCl stress and improved wheat seedling growth parameters.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- exogenous application of 0.05 mM GABAe0
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and root lengthe0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of 0.05 mM GABA optimally alleviated NaCl stress in wheat seedlings, improving growth parameters including plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and root length”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA improved chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters under salt stress.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“improving growth parameters including plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and root length, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters ( F v / F m , Y(II), qP, NPQ, and ETR max )”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA supplementation reduced oxidative damage markers.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“GABA supplementation enhanced ROS scavenging (reduced H 2 O 2 , O 2•− , MDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA supplementation improved ionic homeostasis.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“GABA supplementation enhanced ROS scavenging (reduced H 2 O 2 , O 2•− , MDA), improved ionic homeostasis, and upregulated initiating autophagy activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA supplementation increased initiating autophagy activity.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“GABA supplementation enhanced ROS scavenging (reduced H 2 O 2 , O 2•− , MDA), improved ionic homeostasis, and upregulated initiating autophagy activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Genome-wide analysis identified seven salt-responsive TaGADs with conserved domains.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Genome‐wide analysis identified seven salt‐responsive TaGADs encoding cytoplasmic PLP‐dependent decarboxylases (448–528 aa) with conserved catalytic domains (Lys277, HVDAASGG motif) and calmodulin (CaM)‐binding regions.”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA significantly increased TaGAD2/5/6/7 expression under NaCl treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Exogenous GABAe0
- Gene
- TaGAD2/5/6/7e0
- Outcome
- expression levels of TaGAD2/5/6/7e0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous GABA significantly upregulated the expression levels of TaGAD2/5/6/7 in wheat seedling leaves under NaCl treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing TaGAD6 reduced salt tolerance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- silencing TaGAD6e0
- Gene
- TaGAD6e0
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“silencing TaGAD6 significantly decreased salt tolerance by reducing GABA content, weakening antioxidant capacity, and amplifying oxidative damage in wheat seedling leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing TaGAD6 reduced GABA content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- silencing TaGAD6e0
- Outcome
- GABA contente0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“silencing TaGAD6 significantly decreased salt tolerance by reducing GABA content, weakening antioxidant capacity, and amplifying oxidative damage in wheat seedling leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing TaGAD6 weakened antioxidant capacity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- silencing TaGAD6e0
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- weakeninge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“silencing TaGAD6 significantly decreased salt tolerance by reducing GABA content, weakening antioxidant capacity, and amplifying oxidative damage in wheat seedling leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing TaGAD6 amplified oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- silencing TaGAD6e0
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- amplifyinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“silencing TaGAD6 significantly decreased salt tolerance by reducing GABA content, weakening antioxidant capacity, and amplifying oxidative damage in wheat seedling leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
TaGAD6 silencing led to aberrant autophagy activation and autophagic cell death.
- Outcome
- aberrant autophagy activation, resulting in autophagic cell deathe0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“This led to aberrant autophagy activation, resulting in autophagic cell death.”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA supplementation rescued salt-sensitive phenotypes caused by TaGAD6 silencing.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The salt‐sensitive phenotypes induced by TaGAD6 silencing are rescued through GABA supplementation.”
Claim · model-written summary
TaGAD1/3/4 interacted with TaATG8.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“TaGAD1/3/4 interact with TaATG8”
Claim · model-written summary
TaGAD1/4 interacted with TaATG12.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“TaGAD1/4 interact with TaATG12”
Claim · model-written summary
TaGAD6 interacted with calmodulin TaCa1.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“TaGAD6 interacted with calmodulin TaCa1.”
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