Abstract
Understanding the relationship between the application of soil conditioners and soil quality is crucial for achieving sustainably high crop yields and the remediation of saline-alkali soils in agricultural systems. However, to date, there have been few reports on the use of soil quality index (SQI) to characterize soil quality restoration in different soil layers of saline alkali land. We conducted a field experiment over three growing seasons (2022 – 2024) and collected soil samples after soybean harvest in 2024. The following treatments were employed: conventional fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization plus 1 t ha - ¹ citric acid (T1), conventional fertilization plus 1 t ha - ¹ biochar (T2), and conventional fertilization plus 1.5 t ha - ¹ organic fertilizer (T3). Based on the Soil Quality Index, a comprehensive evaluation was performed to assess variations in soil fertility, alkalization index, and crop yield across three soil depths: 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm. The research results indicate that: Compared with the CK treatment, the application of amendments significantly increased the concentrations of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium. Conversely, it reduced soil pH (0.95%-5.83%) and decreased levels of exchangeable sodium, exchangeable sodium percentage (10.88%-30.12%), and sodium ion (20.26%-37.15%). The amendments significantly enhanced the SQI through synergistic regulation of soil fertility and salinity. Specifically, the citric acid treatment (T1) yielded the most pronounced improvement in the 0–10 cm soil layer, whereas the organic fertilizer amendment (T3) was more effective at depths of 10–30 cm. The soybean yield increase effect of citric acid treatment (T1) is the best, with a yield increase rate of 42.67% ( P < 0.05). In summary, citric acid (T1) optimizes nutrient availability by alleviating saline-alkali stress, laying a theoretical foundation for ecological restoration in alkaline soils and enhancing agricultural productivity.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid treatment (T1) gave the largest soybean yield increase rate, 42.67% (P < 0.05).
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- citric acid treatment (T1)e1
- Outcome
- yield increase ratee2
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 42.67%e2
- Qualifier
- P < 0.05e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean yield increase”
e1“The soybean yield increase effect of citric acid treatment (T1) is the best”
e2“with a yield increase rate of 42.67% ( P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid treatment (T1) produced the most pronounced soil quality improvement in the 0–10 cm layer.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- citric acid treatment (T1)e1
- Outcome
- most pronounced improvemente1
- Direction
- most pronounced improvemente1
- Qualifier
- Soil Quality Indexe2
- Setting
- 0–10 cm soil layere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean yield increase”
e1“the citric acid treatment (T1) yielded the most pronounced improvement in the 0–10 cm soil layer”
e2“Based on the Soil Quality Index”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer amendment (T3) was more effective at depths of 10–30 cm.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- organic fertilizer amendment (T3)e1
- Outcome
- more effectivee1
- Direction
- more effectivee1
- Qualifier
- Soil Quality Indexe2
- Setting
- depths of 10–30 cme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean yield increase”
e1“the organic fertilizer amendment (T3) was more effective at depths of 10–30 cm”
e2“Based on the Soil Quality Index”
Claim · model-written summary
Amendments significantly increased available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium compared with CK.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- application of amendmentse2
- Outcome
- concentrations of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassiume2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- CK treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean yield increase”
e1“Compared with the CK treatment”
e2“the application of amendments significantly increased the concentrations of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium”
Claim · model-written summary
Amendments reduced soil pH by 0.95%-5.83% compared with CK.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- application of amendmentse3
- Outcome
- soil pHe2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 0.95%-5.83%e2
- Comparator
- CK treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean yield increase”
e1“Compared with the CK treatment”
e2“Conversely, it reduced soil pH (0.95%-5.83%)”
e3“the application of amendments”
Claim · model-written summary
Amendments decreased exchangeable sodium percentage by 10.88%-30.12% compared with CK.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- application of amendmentse2
- Outcome
- exchangeable sodium percentagee3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 10.88%-30.12%e3
- Comparator
- CK treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean yield increase”
e1“Compared with the CK treatment”
e2“the application of amendments”
e3“decreased levels of exchangeable sodium, exchangeable sodium percentage (10.88%-30.12%), and sodium ion (20.26%-37.15%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Amendments decreased sodium ion by 20.26%-37.15% compared with CK.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- application of amendmentse2
- Outcome
- sodium ione3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 20.26%-37.15%e3
- Comparator
- CK treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean yield increase”
e1“Compared with the CK treatment”
e2“the application of amendments”
e3“decreased levels of exchangeable sodium, exchangeable sodium percentage (10.88%-30.12%), and sodium ion (20.26%-37.15%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Amendments decreased exchangeable sodium compared with CK.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- application of amendmentse2
- Outcome
- exchangeable sodiume3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Comparator
- CK treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean yield increase”
e1“Compared with the CK treatment”
e2“the application of amendments”
e3“decreased levels of exchangeable sodium, exchangeable sodium percentage (10.88%-30.12%), and sodium ion (20.26%-37.15%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Amendments significantly enhanced the soil quality index compared with CK.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- amendmentse2
- Outcome
- SQIe2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Comparator
- CK treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean yield increase”
e1“Compared with the CK treatment”
e2“The amendments significantly enhanced the SQI through synergistic regulation of soil fertility and salinity”
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