Abstract
Coastal plants often experience salinity and waterlogging simultaneously, yet their combined effects are rarely tested. In a 35-day greenhouse experiment on Jeju Island, we exposed Hibiscus hamabo , Paliurus ramosissimus , Litsea japonica , and Vitex rotundifolia to salinity, waterlogging, and salinity–waterlogging. We quantified growth, deterioration (mortality, survival time, defoliation, visible damage), leaf gas exchange (net CO₂ assimilation, Aₙ; intrinsic water-use efficiency), and Na⁺ and K⁺ contents. Due to the small size of individuals, Paliurus ramosissimus did not yield sufficient material and was excluded from gas-exchange and ion analyses. Salinity–waterlogging caused the strongest deterioration in all species and generally elevated Na⁺/K⁺ ratios relative to single stress. H. hamabo initiated decline earliest but sustained lower mortality and longer survival, maintained Aₙ near pre-treatment despite reduced stomatal conductance, and retained K⁺, particularly in roots. By contrast, L. japonica and V. rotundifolia showed near-cessation of photosynthesis under salinity; L. japonica exhibited root-centric dysfunction under waterlogging with concurrent declines in root Na⁺ and K⁺. We infer that tolerance in H. hamabo reflects coordinated ion homeostasis (notably K⁺ retention) and stomatal–nonstomatal adjustments that stabilize Aₙ, likely aided by an abscission-mediated “salt storage and disposal” strategy. Co-occurring shrubs display partial or organ-specific responses insufficient to withstand the combined stress. These results identify H. hamabo as a plausible semi-mangrove candidate for future range expansion and coastal planting under warming climates and highlight the need to consider differential sensitivities to hypoxia and ionic toxicity in species selection.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Combined salinity and waterlogging caused the strongest deterioration in all four species.
- Taxon
- Hibiscus hamabo , Paliurus ramosissimus , Litsea japonica , and Vitex rotundifolia
Litsea japonica
Talipariti hamabo
Paliurus ramosissimus
Vitex rotundifoliae1 - Treatment
- Salinity–waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- deterioratione0
- Direction
- strongeste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity–waterlogging caused the strongest deterioration in all species”
e1“Hibiscus hamabo , Paliurus ramosissimus , Litsea japonica , and Vitex rotundifolia”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress generally raised Na⁺/K⁺ ratios relative to single stress.
- Taxon
- Hibiscus hamabo , Paliurus ramosissimus , Litsea japonica , and Vitex rotundifoliaLitsea japonicaTalipariti hamaboPaliurus ramosissimusVitex rotundifoliae1
- Treatment
- Salinity–waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- Na⁺/K⁺ ratiose0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Comparator
- single stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity–waterlogging caused the strongest deterioration in all species and generally elevated Na⁺/K⁺ ratios relative to single stress”
e1“Hibiscus hamabo , Paliurus ramosissimus , Litsea japonica , and Vitex rotundifolia”
Claim · model-written summary
H. hamabo began declining earliest but had lower mortality and longer survival.
- Taxon
- H. hamaboTalipariti hamaboe0
- Outcome
- lower mortality and longer survivale0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H. hamabo initiated decline earliest but sustained lower mortality and longer survival”
Claim · model-written summary
H. hamabo maintained net CO₂ assimilation near pretreatment despite lower stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- H. hamaboTalipariti hamaboe0
- Outcome
- Aₙ near pre-treatmente0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Comparator
- pre-treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H. hamabo initiated decline earliest but sustained lower mortality and longer survival, maintained Aₙ near pre-treatment despite reduced stomatal conductance”
Claim · model-written summary
H. hamabo retained potassium particularly in roots.
- Taxon
- H. hamaboTalipariti hamaboe0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- K⁺e0
- Direction
- retainede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H. hamabo initiated decline earliest but sustained lower mortality and longer survival, maintained Aₙ near pre-treatment despite reduced stomatal conductance, and retained K⁺, particularly in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
L. japonica photosynthesis nearly ceased under salinity.
- Taxon
- L. japonicaLitsea japonicae0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- near-cessatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“L. japonica and V. rotundifolia showed near-cessation of photosynthesis under salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
V. rotundifolia photosynthesis nearly ceased under salinity.
- Taxon
- V. rotundifoliaVitex rotundifoliae0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- near-cessatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“L. japonica and V. rotundifolia showed near-cessation of photosynthesis under salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
L. japonica showed root dysfunction under waterlogging, with root sodium and potassium declines.
- Taxon
- L. japonicaLitsea japonicae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- root Na⁺ and K⁺e0
- Direction
- declinese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“L. japonica exhibited root-centric dysfunction under waterlogging with concurrent declines in root Na⁺ and K⁺”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that ion homeostasis and stomatal adjustments stabilize assimilation in H. hamabo.
- Taxon
- H. hamaboTalipariti hamaboe0
- Outcome
- Aₙe0
- Qualifier
- coordinated ion homeostasis (notably K⁺ retention) and stomatal–nonstomatal adjustmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tolerance in H. hamabo reflects coordinated ion homeostasis (notably K⁺ retention) and stomatal–nonstomatal adjustments that stabilize Aₙ”
Claim · model-written summary
Abscission-mediated salt storage and disposal may aid H. hamabo tolerance.
- Taxon
- H. hamaboTalipariti hamaboe1
- Outcome
- tolerancee1
- Qualifier
- abscission-mediated “salt storage and disposal” strategye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“likely aided by an abscission-mediated “salt storage and disposal” strategy”
e1“tolerance in H. hamabo reflects coordinated ion homeostasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-occurring shrubs had partial or organ-specific responses insufficient for combined-stress survival.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Co-occurring shrubs display partial or organ-specific responses insufficient to withstand the combined stress”
Claim · model-written summary
H. hamabo was identified as a plausible semi-mangrove candidate for future coastal planting.
- Taxon
- H. hamaboTalipariti hamaboe0
- Outcome
- plausible semi-mangrove candidate for future range expansion and coastal plantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results identify H. hamabo as a plausible semi-mangrove candidate for future range expansion and coastal planting under warming climates”