Abstract
ABSTRACT Continuous cropping obstacle (CCO), characterized by soil degradation and microbial dysbiosis, severely restricts the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China. Given the high ecological vulnerability and unique soil properties of karst mountainous regions, identifying suitable rotation strategies to overcome CCO is an urgent yet underexplored research focus. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of different cropping systems in mitigating CCO by reshaping the rhizosphere microenvironment. A field experiment was conducted with four treatments: unfertilized control (CK), pepper monoculture with fertilization (PP), oilseed rape‐pepper rotation (OP), and green manure‐pepper rotation (GP). Soil physicochemical properties, pepper yield, and the bacterial community structure were comprehensively analyzed using high‐throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. The results demonstrated that compared to PP, both OP and GP significantly enhanced pepper yield with increases of 98.5% and 124.1%, respectively. Notably, the GP treatment exhibited the most pronounced alleviation of CCO, significantly improving soil pH (to 7.01) and increasing organic matter (OM) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). Although α‐diversity showed minor differences, β‐diversity (PCoA and NMDS) revealed a significant separation of bacterial community structures under different cropping systems, with GP showing the most distinct shift from PP. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) and DESeq2 further identified specific bacterial biomarkers and differentially abundant OTUs enriched in the rotation systems. Crucially, the GP system enriched beneficial bacterial taxa, particularly Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria, which are known for their roles in nutrient cycling and disease suppression. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that soil properties, particularly pH, OM, and MBC, were the primary drivers shaping the bacterial community composition. These findings suggest that incorporating green manure into crop rotation is an effective strategy to overcome pepper CCO by improving soil physicochemical conditions and fostering a beneficial bacterial community, thereby enhancing productivity and soil health.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Oilseed rape-pepper rotation increased pepper yield by 98.5% compared with pepper monoculture with fertilization.
- Taxon
- pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)
Capsicum annuume2 - Treatment
- oilseed rape‐pepper rotation (OP)e0
- Outcome
- pepper yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 98.5%e1
- Comparator
- pepper monoculture with fertilization (PP)e0
- Setting
- Southwest Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted with four treatments: unfertilized control (CK), pepper monoculture with fertilization (PP), oilseed rape‐pepper rotation (OP), and green manure‐pepper rotation (GP)”
e1“compared to PP, both OP and GP significantly enhanced pepper yield with increases of 98.5% and 124.1%, respectively”
e2“the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure-pepper rotation increased pepper yield by 124.1% compared with pepper monoculture with fertilization.
- Taxon
- pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuume2
- Treatment
- green manure‐pepper rotation (GP)e0
- Outcome
- pepper yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 124.1%e1
- Comparator
- pepper monoculture with fertilization (PP)e0
- Setting
- Southwest Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted with four treatments: unfertilized control (CK), pepper monoculture with fertilization (PP), oilseed rape‐pepper rotation (OP), and green manure‐pepper rotation (GP)”
e1“compared to PP, both OP and GP significantly enhanced pepper yield with increases of 98.5% and 124.1%, respectively”
e2“the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China”
Claim · model-written summary
The GP treatment significantly raised soil pH to 7.01.
- Taxon
- pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuume2
- Treatment
- GP treatmente3
- Outcome
- soil pHe3
- Direction
- improvinge3
- Value
- 7.01e3
- Setting
- Southwest Chinae2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was conducted with four treatments: unfertilized control (CK), pepper monoculture with fertilization (PP), oilseed rape‐pepper rotation (OP), and green manure‐pepper rotation (GP)”
e2“the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China”
e3“the GP treatment exhibited the most pronounced alleviation of CCO, significantly improving soil pH (to 7.01) and increasing organic matter (OM) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC)”
Claim · model-written summary
The GP treatment increased soil organic matter.
- Taxon
- pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuume2
- Treatment
- GP treatmente3
- Outcome
- organic matter (OM)e3
- Direction
- increasinge3
- Setting
- Southwest Chinae2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China”
e3“the GP treatment exhibited the most pronounced alleviation of CCO, significantly improving soil pH (to 7.01) and increasing organic matter (OM) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC)”
Claim · model-written summary
The GP treatment increased soil microbial biomass carbon.
- Taxon
- pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuume2
- Treatment
- GP treatmente3
- Outcome
- microbial biomass carbon (MBC)e3
- Direction
- increasinge3
- Setting
- Southwest Chinae2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China”
e3“the GP treatment exhibited the most pronounced alleviation of CCO, significantly improving soil pH (to 7.01) and increasing organic matter (OM) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC)”
Claim · model-written summary
The GP treatment gave the most pronounced alleviation of continuous cropping obstacle.
- Taxon
- pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuume2
- Treatment
- GP treatmente3
- Outcome
- alleviation of CCOe3
- Direction
- most pronouncede3
- Setting
- Southwest Chinae2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China”
e3“the GP treatment exhibited the most pronounced alleviation of CCO, significantly improving soil pH (to 7.01) and increasing organic matter (OM) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Alpha diversity of rhizosphere bacteria showed only minor differences among cropping systems.
- Taxon
- pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuume2
- Outcome
- α‐diversitye4
- Qualifier
- showed minor differencese4
- Setting
- Southwest Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China”
e4“Although α‐diversity showed minor differences, β‐diversity (PCoA and NMDS) revealed a significant separation of bacterial community structures under different cropping systems, with GP showing the most distinct shift from PP”
Claim · model-written summary
Beta diversity showed a significant separation of bacterial community structures under different cropping systems.
- Taxon
- pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuume2
- Outcome
- bacterial community structurese4
- Qualifier
- a significant separation of bacterial community structures under different cropping systemse4
- Setting
- Southwest Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China”
e4“Although α‐diversity showed minor differences, β‐diversity (PCoA and NMDS) revealed a significant separation of bacterial community structures under different cropping systems, with GP showing the most distinct shift from PP”
Claim · model-written summary
The GP system showed the most distinct bacterial community shift from PP.
- Taxon
- pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuume2
- Treatment
- GPe4
- Outcome
- shifte4
- Direction
- most distincte4
- Comparator
- PPe4
- Setting
- Southwest Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China”
e4“Although α‐diversity showed minor differences, β‐diversity (PCoA and NMDS) revealed a significant separation of bacterial community structures under different cropping systems, with GP showing the most distinct shift from PP”
Claim · model-written summary
LEfSe and DESeq2 identified specific bacterial biomarkers in the rotation systems.
- Taxon
- pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuume2
- Outcome
- bacterial biomarkerse5
- Qualifier
- specifice5
- Setting
- Southwest Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China”
e5“Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) and DESeq2 further identified specific bacterial biomarkers and differentially abundant OTUs enriched in the rotation systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Differentially abundant OTUs were enriched in the rotation systems.
- Taxon
- pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuume2
- Outcome
- differentially abundant OTUse5
- Direction
- enrichede5
- Setting
- Southwest Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China”
e5“Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) and DESeq2 further identified specific bacterial biomarkers and differentially abundant OTUs enriched in the rotation systems”
Claim · model-written summary
The GP system enriched beneficial bacterial taxa Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria.
- Taxon
- pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuume2
- Treatment
- GP systeme6
- Outcome
- Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteriae6
- Direction
- enrichede6
- Setting
- Southwest Chinae2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China”
e6“the GP system enriched beneficial bacterial taxa, particularly Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil properties, particularly pH, OM and MBC, were the primary drivers of bacterial community composition.
- Taxon
- pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuume2
- Treatment
- soil propertiese7
- Outcome
- bacterial community compositione7
- Qualifier
- primary driverse7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China”
e7“Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that soil properties, particularly pH, OM, and MBC, were the primary drivers shaping the bacterial community composition”
Claim · model-written summary
Incorporating green manure into crop rotation is an effective strategy to overcome pepper continuous cropping obstacle.
- Taxon
- pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuume2
- Treatment
- incorporating green manure into crop rotatione6
- Outcome
- effective strategy to overcome pepper CCOe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the sustainable production of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Southwest China”
e6“These findings suggest that incorporating green manure into crop rotation is an effective strategy to overcome pepper CCO”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.